高效阿特拉津降解菌株DNSIO降解条件优化

从长期施用阿特拉津的寒地黑土耕层（0～10cm）土壤中筛选到一株能以除草剂阿特拉津为氮源生长的降解菌株，结合16SrRNA序列分析结果，将该菌株命名为Arthrobacter sp．DNSl0。在接种量为10。CFU／mL的条件下，菌株DNSl0在24h内对100mg／L阿特拉津的降解率为99．41％。单因子实验结果表明，菌株DNSl0适宜生长和降解的条件范围是：温度25～35＇12，pH值5．0～8．0，培养液盐度0．1％～2％，对阿特拉津最大耐受浓度可达1200mg／L。正交实验法进一步表明，该菌株保持较好生长及降解能力的最优方案是温度30℃，pH值7．5，培养液盐度0．5％。影响其降解能力的环境因素的主次顺序依次是：温度〉盐度〉pH值。     

Photochemical degradation of atrazine in UV and UV/H2O2 process: pathways and toxic effects of products

The degradation of atrazine in aqueous solution by UV or UV/H₂O₂ processes, and the toxic effects of the degradation products were explored. The mineralization of atrazine was not observed in the UV irradiation process, resulting in the production of hydroxyatrazine (OIET) as the final product. In the UV/H₂O₂ process, the final product was ammeline (OAAT), which was obtained by two different pathways of reaction: dechlorination followed by hydroxylation, and the de-alkylation of atrazine. The by-products of the reaction of dechlorination followed by hydroxylation were OIET and hydroxydeethyl atrazine (OIAT), and those of de-alkylation were deisopropyl atrazine (CEAT), deethyl atrazine (CIAT), and deethyldeisopropyl atrazine (CAAT). OIAT and OAAT appeared to be quite stable in the degradation of atrazine by the UV/H₂O₂ process. In a toxicity test using Daphnia magna, the acute toxic unit (TUa) was less than 1 of TUa (100/EC₅₀, %) in the UV/H₂O₂ process after 30 min of reaction time, while 1.2 to 1.3 of TUa was observed in the UV process. The TUa values of atrazine and the degradation products have the following decreasing order: OIET> Atrazine> CEAT≈CIAT> CAAT. OIAT and OAAT did not show any toxic effects.     

Evaluation of atrazine positive and false positive immunoassay detections in ground water

Abstract

False positive responses on an atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N'‐(l‐methylethyl)‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4‐diamine) immunoassay kit were investigated to explain possible causes for these occurences. Ground water samples were evaluated with the immunoassay kit and positive responses (>0.20 μg L^‐1) were confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Non‐confirming samples (false positives) were analyzed for seven additional compounds on GC. Resulting GC/MS and GC analyses showed that 70% of the false positives could be attributed to two compounds. Prometon (6‐methoxy‐N,N'‐bis(l‐methylethyl)‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4‐diamine) was responsible for the majority (64%) of the false positive responses The atrazine metabolite, deethylatrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐amino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1, 3, 5‐triazine), was responsible for the other 6% of the false positives measured. Unattributed false positives (30%) were probably due to an overestimation of pesticide concentrations in the kit's lower detection range.     

太阳光催化降解阿特拉津的研究

利用太阳光作光源,用含在颗粒活性炭中的TiO2(TiO2／GAC)作光催化剂,在流动循环系统中考察了阿特拉津的光催化降解效果。在阿特拉津初始质量浓度27．18mg／L、液体循环流量6L／h、液体总体积400mL、平均辐照度2．64mW／cm^2、液体温度40℃、TiO2／GAC质量浓度7g／L、3％H2o2用量240μL,光催化反应时间1．65h的条件下,阿特拉津去除率达92．8％,TOC去除率接近70％。通过测定光催化降解过程中TOC的变化、紫外吸收光谱吸收峰的变化和质谱图对阿特拉津的降解途径和降解程度进行了分析。     

Ultrasonic decomposition of atrazine and alachlor in water.

Abstract

The collapse of ultrasonically‐generated cavitation bubbles can result in sonochemical reactions. The kinetics of sonochemical decomposition of alachlor and atrazine in water were determined using a sonicator operating in the continuous mode at maximum output. Alachlor and atrazine solutions, 3.1 nmol L^‐1, were kept at constant temperature during the sonication. Decomposition at 30°C followed first‐order kinetics: k = 8.01 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 and 2.10 × 10^‐3 min^‐1 for alachlor and atrazine, respectively. It is not clear from the product analysis whether the decomposition was due to a thermal or free radical reaction. However, regardless of the decomposition mechanisms, the extrapolated half‐lives (86 and 330 min for alachlor and atrazine, respectively) support the potential development of ultrasonic waves to decompose herbicides in contaminated water.     

Evaluation of the capacity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii to remove atrazine from a culture medium

The bioaccumulation of atrazine and its toxicity were evaluated for the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii. Cyanobacterial cultures were grown in WC culture medium with atrazine at 50, 250 and 500 μg L^?1. After 96 hours of exposure, 27.2% of the atrazine had been removed from the culture supernatant. Spontaneous degradation was found to be insignificant (< 9% at 500 μg L^?1), indicating a high efficiency for the bioaccumulation of atrazine by M. novacekii. There were no atrazine metabolites detected in the culture medium at any of the doses studied. The acute toxicity (EC₅₀) of atrazine to the cyanobacterium was 4.2 mg L^?1 at 96 hours demonstrating the potential for M. novacekii to tolerate high concentrations of this herbicide in fresh water environments. The ability of M. novacekii to remove atrazine combined with its tolerance of the pesticide toxicity showed in this study makes it a potential biological resource for the restoration of contaminated surface waters. These findings support continued studies of the role of M. novacekii in the bioremediation of fresh water environments polluted by atrazine.     

Climate Change,Multiple Stressors,and the Decline of Ectotherms

Climate change is believed to be causing declines of ectothermic vertebrates, but there is little evidence that climatic conditions associated with declines have exceeded critical (i.e., acutely lethal) maxima or minima, and most relevant studies are correlative, anecdotal, or short‐term (hours). We conducted an 11‐week factorial experiment to examine the effects of temperature (22 °C or 27 °C), moisture (wet or dry), and atrazine (an herbicide; 0, 4, 40, 400 μg/L exposure as embryos and larvae) on the survival, growth, behavior, and foraging rates of postmetamorphic streamside salamanders (Ambystoma barbouri), a species of conservation concern. The tested climatic conditions were between the critical maxima and minima of streamside salamanders; thus, this experiment quantified the long‐term effects of climate change within the noncritical range of this species. Despite a suite of behavioral adaptations to warm and dry conditions (e.g., burrowing, refuge use, huddling with conspecifics, and a reduction in activity), streamside salamanders exhibited significant loss of mass and significant mortality in all but the cool and moist conditions, which were closest to the climatic conditions in which they are most active in nature. A temperature of 27 °C represented a greater mortality risk than dry conditions; death occurred rapidly at this temperature and more gradually under cool and dry conditions. Foraging decreased under dry conditions, which suggests there were opportunity costs to water conservation. Exposure to the herbicide atrazine additively decreased water‐conserving behaviors, foraging efficiency, mass, and time to death. Hence, the hypothesis that moderate climate change can cause population declines is even more plausible under scenarios with multiple stressors. These results suggest that climate change within the noncritical range of species and pollution may reduce individual performance by altering metabolic demands, hydration, and foraging effort and may facilitate population declines of amphibians and perhaps other ectothermic vertebrates. Cambio Climático, Estresantes Múltiples y la Declinación de Ectotermos     

Monitoring transport of selected pesticides and phenols in soil columns by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

Soil columns were used to study pesticides and phenols transport under rapid infiltration land treatment conditions. An analytical procedure is described for the quantitative determination of atrazine, diuron, carbofuran, phenol, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, 2,4‐dimethylphenol, and 2,4‐dichlorophenol in soil and wastewater. Recoveries of all analytes were greater than 90%. The method detection limits for all analytes were ≤0.03 μg/ml (s/n=4) in wastewater and ≤ 0.1 μg/ml (s/n=5) in soil.     

Impact of vegetated filter strips on sorbed herbicide concentrations and sorption equilibrium in agricultural plots

The objective was to investigate the impact of vegetated filter strips on exported atrazine and deethylatrazine concentrations [dissolved and sorbed to eroded sediments (>1.5 μm)], the deethylatrazine to atrazine ratio in water and sediments, the ratio of sorbed to dissolved herbicides in runoff and subsurface infiltration as well as field equilibrium state under natural climate during two seasons. We hypothesize that sorption equilibrium was not achieved in 2004 because of the short delay (<24 h) between herbicide application and the first rain event. In 2005, observations suggest that possible changing sorption equilibrium conditions were reached (20 days after atrazine application), especially for eroded sediments submitted to changing environmental conditions in subsurface. If confirmed by other experiments, this will raise the question of the representativeness of laboratory-determined soil sorption coefficients to predict the fate of pesticides.     

饮用水中内分泌干扰物阿特拉津UV光氧化研究

采用单独紫外光氧化工艺去除饮用水中低浓度阿特拉津,研究了不同影响因素对阿特拉津降解效果的影响,并分析了阿特拉津的降解机理.结果表明:单独紫外光氧化对阿特拉津有很好的去除效果,在光强为205μW/cm²条件下,光解120min后,阿特拉津去除率为92.38%.阿特拉津的光解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.通过提高紫外照射光强,可以在短时间内提高阿特拉津的去除率.阿特拉津的初始浓度对光解反应基本没有影响.自来水中的有机物及多种离子的存在会降低阿特拉津的光解速率.紫外光氧化阿特拉津主要降解途径是脱氯反应,反应速率很快.羟基化产物(OHA)是主要的中间产物.OHA在紫外光作用下可以继续发生脱烷基反应,生成OHDIA和OHDEA,反应速率非常缓慢.反应液中pH值的变化与中间产物的形成过程有很好的相关性.