Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from tropical plant species in India

Foliar emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from common Indian plant species was measured. Dynamic flow enclosure technique was used and the gas samples were collected onto Tenax-GC/Carboseive cartridges. The Tenax-GC/Carboseive cartridges were attached to the thermal disorber sample injection system and the gas sample was analysed using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection (FID). Fifty-one local plant species were screened, out of which 36 species were found to emit VOC (4 high emitter; 28 moderate emitter; and 4 low-emitter), while in the remaining 15 species no VOC emission was detected or the levels of emission were below detection limit (BDL). VOC emission was found to vary from one species to another. There was a marked seasonal and diurnal variation in VOC emission. The minimum and maximum VOC emission values were < 0.1 and 87 microgg(-1) dry leaf h(-1) in Ficus infectoria and Lantana camara respectively. Out of the 51 plant species studied, 13 species are reported here for the first time. Among the nine tree species (which were selected for detailed study), the highest average hourly emission (9.69+/-8.39 microgg(-1) dry leaf) was observed in Eucalyptus species and the minimum in Syzygium jambolanum (1.89+/-2.48 microgg(-1) dry leaf). An attempt has been made to compare VOC emission from different plant species between present study and the literature (tropical and other regions).     

磁性纳米γ-Fe2O3/SiO2去除水中亚甲基蓝

以纳米b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>为磁性介质制备了磁性纳米b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>/SiOb>2b>，并将其用于水中亚甲基蓝的吸附。表征结果显示：制备的b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>/SiOb>2b>呈不规则核壳结构，平均粒径为38 nm，比表面积为74.35 m²/g，比饱和磁化强度为55 A�b7;m²/kg。实验结果表明：b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>/SiOb>2b>对亚甲基蓝的吸附适宜在中碱性条件下进行，4 h即可达吸附平衡;在初始亚甲基蓝质量浓度为180 mg/L、b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>/SiOb>2b>加入量为2 g/L、初始溶液pH为7.0、吸附温度为298 K的条件下，吸附量最高为25.4 mg/g;共存金属离子会降低吸附效率，而少量的腐殖酸则会促进吸附;吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程，颗粒内扩散不是唯一的控速步骤;等温吸附满足Langmuir模型，该吸附是一个物理吸附过程;用乙醇洗涤的b3;-Feb>2b>Ob>3b>/SiOb>2b>重复使用4次时仍能保持约80%的原吸附量。     

Seasonal variation of Ra/Ra ratio in seaweed: implications for water circulation patterns in coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan

To examine water circulation patterns of coastal water, 72 seaweed (Sargasso) samples and 27 coastal water samples were collected from coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan, during the period from December 1998 to June 2002. The (228)Ra and (226)Ra activities of those samples were measured by low-background gamma-ray spectrometry. There was a wide range of activities of (228)Ra (0.5-2Bq/kg-fresh) and (226)Ra (0.5-1.2Bq/kg-fresh) in the Sargasso samples. The (228)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio of Sargasso samples exhibited seasonal variation with minimum values in June ((228)Ra/(226)Ra= approximately 1) and maximum values in December (1.5-2.5), which was mainly governed by changes in (228)Ra activity. It is also notable that the seasonal variation of the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of Sargasso is in approximate agreement with that of the ambient coastal water. Sargasso samples appear to have retained the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of the ambient coastal waters, and the temporal variations in that ratio provide insight into seasonal changes in water circulation in the Noto Peninsula coastal area.     

Thermal neutron fluence from ultra low-level γ-ray spectrometry of spoons activated during the JCO criticality accident at Tokai-mura in 1999

During the JCO-accident in Tokai-mura in 1999, the surrounding village was irradiated by an uncontrolled neutron flux. At some locations in that village, the thermal neutron flux was determined retrospectively by measurement of the very low activity of ⁵¹Cr and ⁶⁰Co in stainless-steel spoons using b3;-ray spectrometry in underground laboratories. Activities determined in the HADES underground facility are presented here, together with calibrations performed using a well-defined thermal neutron flux to directly estimate the fluence of thermal neutrons independent of most assumptions. The results show measurable ⁵¹Cr in three samples and ⁶⁰Co in four samples taken from locations at distances of up to 430 m from the accident location despite the elapse of 4 half-lives of ⁵¹Cr before measurement. Effects of air transport of the samples were considered and shown to be negligible.     

Low level radioactivity measurements with phoswich detectors using coincident techniques and digital pulse processing analysis

A new system has been developed for the detection of low radioactivity levels of fission products and actinides using coincidence techniques. The device combines a phoswich detector for alpha/beta/gamma-ray recognition with a fast digital card for electronic pulse analysis. The phoswich can be used in a coincident mode by identifying the composed signal produced by the simultaneous detection of alpha/beta particles and X-rays/gamma particles. The technique of coincidences with phoswich detectors was proposed recently to verify the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) which established the necessity of monitoring low levels of gaseous fission products produced by underground nuclear explosions. With the device proposed here it is possible to identify the coincidence events and determine the energy and type of coincident particles. The sensitivity of the system has been improved by employing liquid scintillators and a high resolution low energy germanium detector. In this case it is possible to identify simultaneously by alpha/gamma coincidence transuranic nuclides present in environmental samples without necessity of performing radiochemical separation. The minimum detectable activity was estimated to be 0.01 Bq kg(-1) for 0.1 kg of soil and 1000 min counting.     

臭氧及联用技术在水处理中的应用

介绍国内外臭氧氧化法及其联用技术的最新进展及应用前景。     

基于微震监测的岩体失稳智能预报

岩体稳定性预报是微震监测工作的重要组成部分。探讨微震活动性参数变化作为岩体稳定性预测的可行性,结合用沙坝矿实际生产过程中观测到的现象,提出微震监测岩体失稳预报的一般模式。根据b值在岩体失稳前先增大后减小的趋势作为危险预警初始条件;并将能量指数、施密特数急剧下降以及累积视体积增加的时间段作为岩体失稳的预警期,将事件数的急剧下降作为危险的临界状态。用沙坝矿根据这一原理建立的岩体失稳预报模式可以达到采场失稳的智能预报,解决了人工判别预警期过程中效率低的难题,保障矿山的生产工作。     

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯对斜生栅藻的生态毒性作用

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)对水生藻类的生态毒性作用,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为受试对象,设置5个DEHP浓度梯度(5、10、20、40、80mg·L-1)和1个对照组,实验周期为96h,以藻细胞数量和光合色素含量为测试指标,检测了DEHP对斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果表明,DEHP对斜生栅藻生长和色素含量具有一定的影响:暴露96h后,各DEHP暴露组斜生栅藻生物量(藻细胞数)与对照组均有显著差异(p<0.05),且随DEHP暴露浓度的升高,生物量逐渐降低;各DEHP暴露组叶绿素a、b含量均显著低于对照(p<0.05),在较低DEHP浓度(5、10mg·L-1)下,叶绿素a、b含量略呈上升趋势,较高DEHP浓度(≥40mg·L-1)下,则呈下降趋势;DEHP暴露对类胡萝卜素含量影响不大,除80mg·L-1组显著降低(p<0.05)外各实验组差异不大(p>0.05).     

Experimental research on the flammability characteristics of several binary blends consisting of 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane and extinguishing agents

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R142b) can be used as the refrigerant, foaming agent and ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) fluid. R142b was described as one of the interim substitutes in the Montreal Protocol (signed in 1987), and allowed to be used in developing countries until 2040. However the production and consumption of R142b were required to be frozen this year on the average data of 2009 and 2010 according to its latest amendment (signed in 2007). Binary alternatives R245fa/R142b, R227ea/R142b, R600a/R142b and R134a/R142b are possible substitutes in the initial transition period of frozen and phase-out R142b for the reason of pressure approach, which may be welcomed by the countries with wide use of R142b considering the technology and cost. This paper contributes to the flammability of these binary mixtures experimentally by using a self-made test rig built on the ground of Chinese National Standard. Not only the flammable limits of blends were studied, but also the related flame images were presented and analyzed. In addition, the flame suppression efficiencies of R245fa, R227ea and R134a have been compared and the lower flammable limits of R600a/R142b has been estimated and tested at different ratios. The presented work is beneficial to environmental protection.     

海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫的种群遗传分化和亲缘地理过程

为了解海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫(Aphyocypris normalis)的遗传分化和亲缘地理过程,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)对9个种群共124个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行评估,并探讨这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史.结果显示,在1 140 bp的序列中,共检测到87个核苷酸变异位点,定义了34个单倍型.基于Cyt b序列构建的系统发育树结果将所有个体分成3个主要谱系(A、B、C),谱系A包括海南岛大部分种群和邻近陆地全部种群,昌化江全部个体形成独立的谱系B,谱系C则为海南岛万泉河上安乡全部个体,各谱系间的遗传分化指数较高(0.707 5-0.971 9).分化时间估算的结果表明,谱系C的分化时间为2.038百万年前,谱系B的分化时间为0.865百万年前.种群历史动态分析表明,绝大部分种群均没有发生种群扩张,且所有谱系在近期都发生过有效种群数量减小的事件.根据研究结果推测,海南岛内万泉河上安乡种群的分化主要是由于五指山鹦哥岭山脉的隆起而导致的,而海南岛内和邻近陆地大部分群体没有发生分化可能是由于更新世冰期期间,岛屿和邻近陆地之间的水系因海平面下降而发生连接,琼州海峡两岸的拟细鲫种群有机会发生基因交流.因此认为琼州海峡并未对拟细鲫的扩散起到物理阻隔作用,海南岛为拟细鲫这一物种的起源扩散中心.(图4表6参48)