现代城镇化的资源环境基础

城镇化是一个人类社会活动及生产要素从农村地区向城镇地区转移的过程。其结果,现代城镇成为了人类社会的生活、生产、消费和污染集聚之地。根据生态系统法则的演绎,城镇的资源环境消费或占用是通过直接、间接和诱发三种方式来实现的。重要的问题在于,现代城镇的资源环境消费或占用是按照直接间接诱发的形式排列,从而构成了与自然生态系统相左的倒"金字塔"型结构特征。在这种倒"金字塔"型消费和占用结构的作用下,现代城镇发育的资源环境基础不仅在于城镇所在区域,而且也在于整个国家、乃至全球。     

污泥混配土中氮磷转化研究

污泥通过好氧堆肥反应腐熟,除去其中有害物质及降低重金属含量后达到农用标准,然后在温室大棚内进行种植实验,将堆肥按不同混配方式施入土壤中。研究污泥混配土中氮磷的变化表明:混配土中的总氮在种植过程中被作物吸收和自身流失,有一定程度降低;氨态氮经过转化和作物吸收,降低很快。混配土中总磷的含量在种植过程中基本不变,作物生长只需少部分磷,在温室中种植避免了磷的流失;速效磷的变化较为复杂,种植一段时间后,速效磷呈现上升趋势。     

铝锂合金加速腐蚀损伤概率分布规律研究

进行了1420铝锂合金在EXCO溶液中浸泡腐蚀试验,得到不同腐蚀周期的腐蚀深度数据,对腐蚀深度数据分布规律进行了研究.结果表明其服从Gumbel分布、正态分布、Weibull分布和对数正态分布.根据试验数据建立了1420铝锂合金的腐蚀动力学规律方程,结果表明,腐蚀深度发展分为2个阶段,在浸泡前期腐蚀较慢,浸泡后期腐蚀较...     

光污染防治立法的研究及探讨

目前,光污染这种新型的环境污染,已成为一个必需正视的环境问题。为了更为有效地防治光污染,保护公众的环境权益,中国急需建立光污染防治法律体系。采用符合本国国情的立法模式,建立完善的监管体系,制定具体明确的光污染防治标准等将是中国光污染防治法律体系建立的核心内容。本文阐述了光污染的概况,介绍了国内外光污染防治立法现状,前瞻性地提出以经济和生态的可持续发展为指导思想,采取预防性原则从环保和法律的角度出发,建立符合中国国情的光污染防治体系,全面防治光污染的建议。     

油粒子体积对扩散的影响及油膜粒子化改进

在应用油粒子法模拟溢油运动时,特征油粒子在体积和油膜粒子化方法上可以有多种选择,文章就不同特征体积的油粒子对溢油面积的影响进行了分析和比较,结果显示,溢油量相同时,特征油粒子的体积每减小一倍,溢油扩散面积增加14%-25%,减小10倍时,达到31%-43%.针对溢油扩散面积计算不足的情况,已有学者提出用"两阶段"法进行...     

黄柏河流域梯级水库沉积物磷形态特征及磷释放通量分析

为揭示黄柏河流域饮用水源水库的磷负荷特征,采用SMT分级方法对流域内3座梯级水库（玄庙观、天福庙、西北口水库）的沉积物磷形态特征及垂向变化特征进行了分析,并初步估算了沉积物-水界面正磷酸盐释放通量以及各形态磷含量对磷释放的影响.结果发现,沉积物总磷（TP）含量从流域上游至下游水库呈现递减趋势,平均值分别为（8070.0±2251.4）、（2681.2±1709.8）和（2656.6±1599.7）mg·kg^-1,均处于高度污染水平.3座水库中各个采样点磷形态之间的含量主要表现为：HCl-P > OP > NaOH-P.根据Fick第一定律,计算得到流域内3座梯级水库均表现为上覆水正磷酸盐的源,正磷酸盐释放通量从流域上游到下游水库呈现递减趋势,范围为0.0179~0.1825 mg·（m²·d）^-1.正磷酸盐释放通量与表层水体DO和叶绿素呈现正相关,与HCl-P,OP和TP同样表现为显著正相关.     

Pre‐Development Groundwater Conditions Surrounding Memphis,Tennessee: Controversy and Unexpected Outcomes

Reliance on groundwater resources by differing governing bodies can create transboundary disputes raising questions of ownership and apportionment as the resource becomes strained through overuse or threatened by contamination. Transboundary disputes exist at varying scales, from conflicts between countries to smaller disputes between intrastate jurisdictions. In 2005 within the United States, the State of Mississippi filed a lawsuit against its political neighbor and their utility, the City of Memphis and Memphis Light, Gas, and Water, for groundwater deemed owned by the State of Mississippi to be wrongfully diverted across the state line and into Tennessee by the defendants. The basis of the lawsuit was potentiometric maps of groundwater levels for the Memphis aquifer that showed under suggested pre‐development conditions no flow occurring across the Mississippi‐Tennessee state line, but subsequent historic potentiometric maps show a cone of depression under the City of Memphis with a clear northwesterly gradient from Mississippi into Tennessee. The suggested pre‐development conditions were derived from limited groundwater level observations between 41 and 74 years post‐development. A new pre‐development map is constructed using historic records that range 0‐17 years post‐development that shows the natural flow is northwesterly from Mississippi into Tennessee and transboundary groundwater quantities have actually decreased since pre‐development conditions.     

美国大气挥发性有机物控制历程及对中国的启示

鉴于大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)对中国区域大气复合污染的重要影响,基于大量文献调研,从政策、法律法规、标准和管理手段等方面系统梳理了美国VOCs的控制历程,并从VOCs总量削减和O3浓度变化等角度评估了控制效果.研究表明:美国的VOCs控制体系是卓有成效的,1970年-2010年间共削减VOCs 1 551.4万吨,降幅为50.6％;而且,通过控制VOCs的排放实现了对臭氧(O3)污染协同控制的初衰.该研究结果对中国VOCs控制具有重要借鉴意义.     

云南NGO环境保护公众参与可行性浅析

通过对云南省部分环境非政府组织(以下简称NGO)开展的"环境影响评价中的公众参与"问卷调查及十二个NGO的座谈,了解近年来一些云南NGO对我省环保关注和参与情况,以及参与过程中存在的障碍与不足,探索NGO如何可持续发展地参与环保,并探析新修订的环境保护法背景下我省NGO参与环保的有效途径。     

ADAPTING THE LAW OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER HYDROPOLITICAL STRESSES1

ABSTRACT: Existing legal regimes for the management of water resources are already stressed by changing technologies and growing populations. There is little reason for doubt that today the planet is undergoing significant and even alarming climate change. In the past such global climatic changes had dramatic effects on water resource availability with disastrous consequences for many human communities. Today's climate changes can be managed without such disastrous consequences for present day communities only if there are major reforms to existing water law regimes at the local, national, and international levels. In particular, at the local and national levels, water resources must be treated as public property rather than as common or private property. At the international level, water must be managed at the drainage basin level rather than according to national boundaries that largely ignore rational water management criteria. At all levels, care must be given to decentralizing decision making and to use economic incentives insofar as possible, without, however, mistaking economic incentives for markets. The public nature of water resources precludes true markets as a significant management tool.