冷原子吸收光度法测定工业用浓盐酸中痕量汞

通过进样管道的设计,可能存在的干扰,以及工作参数的详细研究,建立了用冷原子吸收光度法直接测定工业用浓盐酸中痕量汞的分析方法。实际样品测定结果表明,该方法可靠,准确可行。     

QUALITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA IN COLD REGIONS1

ABSTRACT: Many users of hydrometeorological records are not aware of the number of inconsistencies and biases that occur in hydrometeorological records. Examples are presented illustrating how the exposures of sites for measurement of precipitation, wind, snow on the ground, and evaporation determine to a large extent how useful the records are for estimating areal conditions. For areas where precipitation in the form of snow produces a significant portion of the runoff, a smaller number of quality records may be more valuable for modeling than a much larger number of records of lower quality. Information is presented to show that the overall value of an operational hydrometeorological network is dependent upon how consistent and representative of average conditions the collected records are, especially for mountainous areas in cold regions.     

近50年来广东冬季寒害的特征

利用广东省86个地面气象站近50年(1951-2000年)逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,采用针对冬季经济林果的寒害指标,统计分析了近50年冬季寒害的特征.分析得出:(1)广东冬季寒害频数北多南少,各地平均年均1次,其中严重寒害近4成,严重寒害中又以降温型亚类Ⅲ最为典型,占6成以上.(2)寒害过程降温幅度平均达13.6℃,且越往南越大;过程最低气温平均2.6℃,高于冻害临界值0℃;寒害过程降温平均历时4d.(3)寒害分布于10月末至3月底,其中12月到1月累计占85%,月际分布大致呈以1月为峰值的单峰型;亚类Ⅲ12月和2月多于1月,呈双峰分布.(4)1980年是广东冬季气温变化的分水岭,寒害年均综合频数前30年多(160站次),后20年少(96站次).(5)近50年广东冬季寒害年代际变化特征为:50,60,70年代逐渐增强,80年代迅速减弱,90年代有所回升(依然弱于50年代),年代际寒害由强到弱顺序为:70年代,60年代,50年代,90年代和80年代.     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

Determination of Au(III) and Pd(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in some environmental samples after solid phase extraction

A simple and sensitive solid phase extraction method was developed for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of gold and palladium ions with N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-{[(4-phenyl-5-pyridine-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio]acetyl}hydrazine carbo thioamide complex on Amberlite XAD-1180 resin before their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Some analytical parameters such as HNO₃ concentration of the sample solution, amount of complexing agent, sample volume, eluent type and volume, effects of foreign ions and adsorption capacity of the resin were investigated for quantitative recovery of gold and palladium ions. The effects of some anions and cations were also examined. Under optimum conditions, the detection limits for gold and palladium ions were found to be 0.29 and 0.19 μg L^?1, respectively. The preconcentration factor for gold and palladium was 250. After being validated by standard addition and analysis of standard reference material, the procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of sea and stream water, anodic slime, gold ore, soil and electronic waste.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铊的方法改进

采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铊，对样品前处理的多个细节进行改进，使前处理过程耗时缩短，回收率提高。试验表明，方法在0μg/L ～50．0μg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数r为0．9995；检出限为2．0μg/L，取样量为500 mL，富集50倍时，方法检出限为0．04μg/L；实际水样测定结果的 RSD 为4．9％～8．4％；实际样品的加标回收率为94．0％～102％。     

废荧光灯的环境污染对策探讨

废荧光灯管中的有害物质如果处置不当,会对人体健康和环境造成危害。目前国内大部分废荧光灯管未得到无害化处置,主要在指定的法规、有效的政策以及完善的运营机制方面存在很多弊端,应引起社会各界的关注和政府部门的重视。本文结合国内外废荧光灯管回收处置现状,针对存在的问题,提出源头控制、分类收集、多渠道回收、建立资金及资金补贴机制以及技术手段措施,为从根本上解决废旧灯管回收难的问题,并探索社会源危险废物的管理提供对策建议。     

青藏高原土壤柴油降解菌的筛选及降解实验研究

青藏高原北麓河地区土壤为典型的低温土壤环境,夏季高温季节表层土壤(5 cm处)温度仅为9℃,中层(20 cm处)为7.5℃,而40 cm处仅为4℃左右。土壤高温季节为7月中旬至9月上旬,而10月至来年6月土壤日平均温度下降为0℃以下。针对青藏高原低温土壤环境,在北麓河试验现场进行人工模拟柴油污染,16个月后采集污染土样,进行土著低温菌的复合筛选,柴油菌的筛选驯化温度为10℃。经过4次转接复合培养驯化后,菌液中微生物数量可达2.7×1012CFU/mL。筛选后的柴油降解菌90%以上为杆状菌,长度为2~3μm,少见球菌,其直径约为0.5μm。通过柴油摇瓶模拟降解实验,17 d后柴油去除率可达到62%。研究为青藏高原低温条件下的土壤柴油污染土著微生物修复提供了研究基础。     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆进气预热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决高海拔地域中重型越野车辆的起动困难问题。方法从进气温度对车辆起动的影响因素入手,系统地研究几种典型进气预热型式的优缺点。针对中型和重型两台越野车的具体情况,设计选型集中加热的电阻型格栅式进气预热器。经设计计算和反复测试,确定两型加热器的尺寸和功率等主要参数和控制策略,计算分析与车载蓄电池的匹配关系。结果对两型进气预热器进行实车安装后,分别经过实验室试验和野外现场验证,在-30℃实验室常压环境和-27℃的高原环境条件下,两型车辆均能在3 min内顺利起动。结论在高原高寒地域,格栅式电阻进气预热器可有效解决-30℃以上温度范围的起动困难问题。该装置结构简单、安装方便、可靠性高,便于中重型车辆加装使用,为该类问题提供了有效的技术解决途径。     

寒冷地区室内环境空气质量及其影响因素分析研究

以哈尔滨市2011年-2015年室内环境空气数据资料为基础,通过描述统计和数学模型分析了寒冷地区室内环境空气质量的变化趋势和影响因素.分析结果表明,寒冷地区室内环境空气质量随着人们对室内装修材料的不断重视和对健康的生活不懈追求呈逐年好转趋势;室内环境空气质量季节差别明显,房屋室内温湿度高有利于污染物从家具建材等装修材料中向空气中释放,从而使室内空气较差;室内装修材料使用多少、装修程度复杂或简单,都与室内环境空气质量呈正相关关系.