寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂菌群结构和抗生素抗性基因分析

为探究寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂中菌群及其携带的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）变化,采用16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序方法对新疆某城市污水厂进行研究.结果表明,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）在活性污泥中的相对丰度平均值分别为3.50%和0.03%,在生物膜中的相对丰度分别达到10.02%和2.12%,NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率平均值分别由改造前的91.89%和66.76%提升至改造后的97.71%和91.90%,表明IFAS增强了寒冷地区污水厂的生物脱氮能力;生物处理段内与铁氧化还原有关的Ferruginibacter和红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度平均值分别达到5.24%和3.72%,出水中红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度达到9.48%,表明磁粉对菌群产生了影响;该厂对ARGs有明显的去除效果,ARGs的相对丰度由进水中的191.08×10^-3‰降至出水中的32.58×10^-3‰,活性污泥中ARGs相对丰度为63.25×10^-3‰~72.38×10^-3‰,明显高于生物膜中的41.31×10^-3‰,但sul2、floR和rpoB 2等ARGs优势亚型在生物膜中的相对丰度分别为5.77×10^-3‰、2.52×10^-3‰和2.03×10^-3‰,高于活性污泥中的3.15×10^-3‰~3.57×10^-3‰、1.73×10^-3‰~2.24×10^-3‰和1.28×10^-3‰~1.76×10^-3‰;网络分析结果表明,Caldilineaceae_norank与sul2呈显著正相关,毛球菌属（Trichococcus）与floR呈显著正相关.     

嘉陵江滨岸带不同土地利用类型土壤真菌群落结构与功能多样性

通过明确嘉陵江滨岸带不同土地利用类型土壤真菌群落多样性的差异,为嘉陵江生态环境保护修复提供理论依据.选择嘉陵江中下游滨岸带的人工湿地、天然湿地、林地和农田这4种典型土地利用类型作为研究样地,利用高通量测序技术对土壤真菌群落进行测序,分析不同土地利用类型对土壤真菌群落多样性、结构和功能的影响.结果表明,林地与天然湿地土壤真菌的Chao1指数显著高于其他两种土地利用类型（P<0.05）,林地土壤真菌的Shannon指数显著高于农田和人工湿地两种土地利用类型（P<0.05）;嘉陵江流域滨岸带土壤真菌被划分为15个菌门,在门分类水平上的优势真菌群落（相对丰度>0.01）分别为：子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）、罗兹菌门（Rozellomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）和壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）;相比之下,罗兹菌门偏好选择林地生境,而油壶菌门和被孢霉门偏好选择农田,担子菌门在人工湿地具有显著优势;天然湿地中的优势功能类群为植物病原菌,人工湿地中的优势功能类群为粪腐菌,农田中优势功能类群为动物病原菌-真菌寄生菌;冗余分析表明,土壤含水率（MC）、全氮（TN）、有机碳（TOC）和碱解氮（AN）是影响真菌群落变化的主要环境因子.由此可见,林地是嘉陵江流域真菌多样性最高和功能类群最均衡的土地利用类型,其次为天然湿地,人为干扰导致嘉陵江滨岸带土壤真菌群落多样性水平降低.     

黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性变化

为研究海拔变化和退化过程中高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性的变化规律,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同海拔活动斑块、非活动斑块、恢复斑块和高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性,利用冗余分析对细菌多样性和环境因子进行分析.结果发现,3种类型斑块中主要的土壤细菌门均是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）.细菌优势属为RB 41 、鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）.RB 41 和慢生根瘤菌属相对丰度随海拔升高而下降,随斑块演替而增加,但3种类型退化斑块相对丰度均显著低于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.退化斑块土壤碳固定功能的细菌丰度,大于健康高寒草甸.不同斑块的细菌Chao1指数和物种数显著高于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.冗余分析发现,生物结皮盖度和全氮是海拔4013 m处细菌优势门的主要影响因子;生物量、全氮和pH对高海拔4224 m细菌优势门影响较大.生物量和全钾显著影响海拔4013 m的细菌属分布,海拔4224 m地区莎草科盖度和速效氮为细菌优势属的主要影响因子.生物结皮和pH对细菌多样性影响较大.不同海拔地区细菌的影响因子发生着较大变化,在研究细菌多样性变化的过程中,不仅要关注高寒草地退化的影响,还应考虑海拔高度的作用.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对微咸水滴灌棉田土壤真菌群落结构多样性的影响

微咸水灌溉增加土壤盐分,改变土壤环境,进而影响土壤真菌的结构和多样性.在长期微咸水灌溉的基础上,分别添加生物炭和秸秆（采用等碳量设计,分别为3.7 t·hm^-2和6 t·hm^-2）,探究生物炭和秸秆对土壤理化性质和真菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明：与不施生物炭和秸秆（对照）相比,生物炭施用显著增加土壤的pH、全碳、速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤电导率,降低幅度为20.71%;秸秆处理显著增加土壤的速效钾和速效磷含量,但显著降低土壤容重和电导率,降低幅度为4.17%和64.50%.生物炭和秸秆处理对真菌群落Chao1指数和ACE指数有增加趋势,对Shannon指数和Simpson指数有降低趋势.土壤优势真菌门类为子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、壶菌门和球囊菌门;优势真菌属为毛壳菌属、赤霉菌属、镰刀菌属、Idriella和被孢霉属.施加生物炭和秸秆提高子囊菌门、被孢霉门、担子菌门、球囊菌门和毛壳菌属的相对丰度;但降低壶菌门、赤霉菌属和Idriella的相对丰度.LEfSe分析表明,施用生物炭和秸秆还田降低真菌群落潜在生物标志物数量.RDA结果显示,土壤真菌群落结构与EC_1：5和TN显著相关.微咸水灌溉给土壤带来了不利影响,其中EC_1：5和TN是驱动土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要因子,土壤真菌群落通过生物炭和秸秆对土壤的改良作用来适应盐胁迫环境.     

废水排放对近海环境中抗生素抗性基因和微生物群落的影响

污水处理厂是水环境中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的重要来源.可移动遗传元件（MGEs）和微生物群落是影响ARGs增殖扩散的关键因素.为探究污水处理厂废水排放对近海环境中ARGs和微生物群落的影响,采用高通量荧光定量PCR （HT-qPCR）和高通量16S rRNA扩增子测序技术,对杭州湾上虞（SY）和嘉兴（JX）两个近岸纳污区（ERAs）及远岸湾区表层沉积物中ARGs、MGEs和微生物群落的组成和分布进行调查.结果表明,多重耐药类ARGs是所有样点中丰度最高的ARGs类型.纳污区沉积物中ARGs和MGEs多样性和丰度远远高于远岸湾区沉积物.JX纳污区沉积物中微生物群落丰富度和多样性高于SY纳污区及远岸湾区沉积物.PCoA结果显示,纳污区与远岸湾区沉积物中ARGs、MGEs和微生物群落分布存在显著的差异,说明长期的废水排放对近海环境中ARGs、MGEs和微生物群落影响较大.ARGs、MGEs和细菌属的共现网络显示,嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、亚硫酸杆菌属、假交替单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属等12种菌属与ARGs和MGEs存在显著正相关.多重耐药类和β-内酰胺类ARGs的潜在宿主最多.     

Cultivating hybrid collectives: research methods for enacting community food economies in Australia and the Philippines

Across the globe, groups are experimenting with initiatives to create alternatives to the dominant food system. What role might research play in helping to strengthen and multiply these initiatives? In this paper we discuss two research projects in Australia and the Philippines in which we have cultivated hybrid collectives of academic researchers, lay researchers and various non-human others with the intention of enacting community food economies. We feature three critical interactions in the “hybrid collective research method”: gathering, which brings together those who share concerns about community food economies; reassembling, in which material gathered is deliberatively rebundled to amplify particular insights; and translating, by which reassembled ideas are taken up by other collectives so they may continue to “do work”. We argue that in a climate-changing world, the hybrid collective research method fosters opportunities for a range of human and non-human participants to act in concert to build community food economies.     

Radical,reformist, and garden-variety neoliberal: coming to terms with urban agriculture's contradictions

For many activists and scholars, urban agriculture in the Global North has become synonymous with sustainable food systems, standing in opposition to the dominant industrial agri-food system. At the same time, critical social scientists increasingly argue that urban agriculture programmes, by filling the void left by the “rolling back” of the social safety net, underwrite neoliberalisation. I argue that such contradictions are central to urban agriculture. Drawing on existing literature and fieldwork in Oakland, CA, I explain how urban agriculture arises from a protective counter-movement, while at the same time entrenching the neoliberal organisation of contemporary urban political economies through its entanglement with multiple processes of neoliberalisation. By focusing on one function or the other, however, rather than understanding such contradictions as internal and inherent, we risk undermining urban agriculture's transformative potential. Coming to terms with its internal contradictions can help activists, policy-makers and practitioners better position urban agriculture within coordinated efforts for structural change, one of many means to an end rather than an end unto itself.     

Bumblebee Vulnerability: Common Correlates of Winners and Losers across Three Continents

Abstract:  It is widely agreed that in many parts of the world some bumblebee ( Bombus ) species have declined, and that this has often been driven by land-use changes that cause reductions in the abundance of food plants. There is much less agreement about how changes in food plants affect some bumblebee species more than others. We sought to identify which species' characteristics are generally associated with the relative winners and losers by comparing the 3 independent bumblebee faunas from parts of Britain, Canada, and China. Using available survey data, we assessed species characteristics, including competition with congeners, climatic specialization, proximity to climatic range edge, food specialization, phenology, body size, and range size. Results of our meta-analysis of correlations showed support for the hypotheses that decline susceptibility is generally greater for species that have greater climatic specialization, for species in areas where they occur closest to the edges of their climatic ranges, and for species that have queens that become active later in the year. The latter characteristic may render a species at a particular disadvantage when they have long colony cycles if there are losses of food plants in mid to late colony development.     

京杭运河苏州市区段大型底栖动物种群结构特征与评价

对京杭运河苏州市区段4个点位进行了底栖动物群落结构和多样性进行多年研究,并进行了水质评价。结果表明,底栖动物共12种,寡毛类的克拉泊水丝蚓为各点位的优势种;从时间尺度来看,S1点位的物种种类数量从2008年开始明显增加,软体类物种出现,种群密度也在增加,生物污染指数下降,水质明显改善;从空间尺度来看,京杭运河苏州市区段上游和中游物种种类数量要多于下游和老运河城区段,下游水质有所下降。     

Lichen Conservation in Heavily Managed Boreal Forests

Lichens are an important component of the boreal forest, where they are long lived, tend to accumulate in older stands, and are a major food source for the threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). To be fully sustainable, silvicultural practices in the boreal forest must include the conservation of ecological integrity. Dominant forest management practices, however, have short‐term negative effects on lichen diversity, particularly the application of herbicides. To better understand the long‐term effects of forest management, we examined lichen regeneration in 35 mixed black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forest stands across northern Ontario to determine recovery following logging and postharvest silvicultural practices. Our forest stands were 25–40 years old and had undergone 3 common sivilcultural treatments that included harvested and planted; harvested, planted, and treated with N‐[phosphonomethyl] glycine (glyphosate); and harvested, planted, and treated with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D). Forest stands with herbicide treatments had lower lichen biomass and higher beta and gamma diversity than planted stands that were not treated chemically or control stands. In northwestern Ontario, planted stands that were not treated chemically had significantly greater (p < 0.05) alpha diversity than stands treated with herbicides or control stands. Our results show that common silvicultural practices do not emulate natural disturbances caused by wildfires in the boreal forest for the lichen community. We suggest a reduction in the amount of chemical application be considered in areas where lichen biomass is likely to be high and where the recovery of woodland caribou is an objective. Conservación de Líquenes en Bosques Boreales Manejados Intensivamente