生态高负荷土地快速渗滤系统处理猪场废水的效能及微生态

以经过厌氧反应器处理后的猪场废水为研究对象,探讨了新型生态高负荷土地快速渗滤系统对废水中COD、氨氮及总氮的去除情况;同时分析了该系统中的微生物群落结构以及过氧化氢酶、脲酶、硝酸盐还原酶的含量.结果表明,在水力负荷为11 cm·d~(-1)、进水COD为700 mg·L~(-1)左右的条件下,一级土地渗滤柱与二级土地渗滤柱对COD的去除率分别为78.8%与63.0%,总去除率达到了92.6%;而当水力负荷增大到22 cm·d~(-1)时,总的COD去除率仍在90.0%以上;该系统对于氨氮的去除更为显著,去除率可达99%左右.一级土地快速渗滤系统中上、中、下部的过氧化氢酶含量分别为1.899、0.990、0.323 m L·g~(-1),表明猪场废水中的有机物主要在该系统的上部与中部得以去除;二级土地快速渗滤系统上、中、下部的硝酸盐还原酶含量分别是3.453、3.831、1.971 m L·g~(-1),表明脱氮作用主要发生二级土地快速渗滤系统的上部与中部.该土地快速渗滤系统中微生物以Gram Negative与Gram Positive为主,特别是在二级土地快速渗滤系统中,AM Fungi与Actinomycetes占有一定比例,为猪场废水中难降解有机物的去除提供了保障.     

城郊农业区小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响

以位于湖南省长沙市城郊农业区的金脱河流域为研究区域,通过解译2009年的Spot-5卫星遥感图获取了小流域的土地利用图;结合流域的DEM图,利用ArcGIS 9.3的水文、空间分析模块将流域划分为若干个子流域,分析各子流域的土地利用结构.从2009年12月～2010年11月在各子流域出口处采取水样,分析其TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N输出浓度、输出量的时空变化特征以及与土地利用结构、施肥等因素之间的关系.结果表明,流域径流氮素污染严重,其TN、NH4+-N输出浓度呈明显的季节变化特征,为冬季>春季>夏、秋季,而NO3--N的输出浓度的季节差异较小.流域内的土地利用结构对NO3--N的输出浓度起着重要的控制作用,林地、水面表现为源作用,水田、旱地、居民地为汇作用;不同的时间尺度上土地利用结构对其影响不同,年度尺度上对NO3--N输出影响最大的为旱地,春夏季为林地,秋冬季为旱地.TN、NH4+-N的输出浓度与土地利用结构的相关性较差,各形态氮素的输出量与纯氮施用量、人口数、养猪量表现为极显著正相关.     

反硝化脱硫工艺中微生物群落结构及动态分析

为了研究反硝化脱硫工艺(denitrifying sulfide removal,DSR)中微生物群落与工艺运行的相关性,实验提取了反应器运行不同阶段污泥样品中微生物的全基因组DNA,利用高通量宏基因组学技术———基因芯片来解析各阶段功能微生物群落的结构特征及其演替过程.通过对功能基因的Simpson、Shannon多样性指数和聚类分析表明,微生物群落结构会随着反应器运行的阶段进行相应调整,且变化较大.在运行的前两个阶段,由于不适应环境,微生物群落的多样性指数比起始时明显减少,随着反应器的运行污泥逐渐成熟,多样性指数迅速增加,也标志着反应器进入稳定运行阶段.通过对反硝化脱硫过程中关键基因相对丰度的分析发现,功能基因的丰度不仅能反映功能菌群的活性,而且与工艺处理效果密切相关.     

太湖两种水生植物群落对沉积物中氮素的影响

2012年6月对太湖贡湖湾、南部湖区以及东西山之间水域的两种水生植物——马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和荇菜(Limnanthemun nymphoides)群落内外的沉积物进行样品采集,调查了沉积物中的氮素分布现状.结果表明:①草藻过渡型湖区(贡湖湾)马来眼子菜群落内部0~25 cm的沉积物中Org-N和TN的含量分别比群落外部高38.06%和25.65%.②草型湖区新生植物群落的形成可以促进沉积物(0~25 cm)中各形态氮含量的降低,其中马来眼子菜群落内沉积物(0~25 cm)中TN、Org-N、NH+4-N和NO-3-N的含量较群落外平均降低了43.29%,50.78%,7.09%和10.86%;荇菜群落内部比外部分别降低了4.65%,4.63%,5.01%和2.76%,可以发现马来眼子菜群落的促进作用比荇菜群落明显.③植物群落的存在可以影响沉积物的理化性质.相关性分析显示,植物群落外沉积物的pH与TN显著正相关(P<0.05,n=24),植物群落内部沉积物中pH与沉积物中NH+4-N呈显著负相关(P<0.05,n=24),与硝态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05,n=24);植物群落内部和外部沉积物的Eh均与TN显著正相关(GMN,P<0.01,R=0.922 8**;NMN,P<0.01,R=0.827 7**;GMW,P<0.05,R=0.748 9*;NMW,P<0.05,R=0.663 7*),但较群落外部而言内部的相关性更强.     

活性污泥絮体的分形结构分析

通过小角光散射(small-angle light scattering,SALS)实验确定出活性污泥絮体的分形区域,对絮体粒径分布进行了拟合分析,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)对絮体在不同尺度下的形貌进行了观测.结果显示,污泥絮体是由一系列的絮团结合而成,絮体表面凹凸不平,有各种"孔洞","缝隙",絮体内部存在一系列的孔隙.较大尺度的絮体同时存在多种孔道结构,构成絮体中营养物和水流的运输通道;污泥絮体在0.5～50μm之间具有明显的分形结构,表明活性污泥絮体在较小的粒径时已经具有一定的分形特征,活性污泥的粒度分布属于Gamma分布方式,证明污泥絮体的成长过程是一种絮团-絮团的凝聚过程.     

新安江流域土地利用结构对水质的影响

以新安江上游流域为研究区域,用该流域2010年5月TM遥感影像图作为底图,通过实地野外调查获取了新安江流域的土地利用图.运用ArcGIS的水文、空间分析功能,将流域划分为8个子流域,并分析各子流域的土地利用结构.根据2010年1～12月的水质监测数据,分析TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、NH4+-N、粪大肠菌群的时空变化特征,以及与土地利用结构之间的定量关系.结果表明,TN和NH4+-N有明显的时间变化特征,为枯时期>丰水期>平水期,而其他几种指标没有明显的时间变化.在空间上,整体上呈现出渔梁、浦口污染最为严重.流域内土地利用结构与水质之间的相关关系表现为:耕地、水体、建筑用地起源作用,林地、草地起汇作用.在年度上看,耕地对TN、NH4+-N、高锰酸盐指数影响最大,草地对TP影响最大;不同水期上,枯水期和丰水期,对各指标影响最大的土地利用类型为耕地,在平水期,对TN、TP、粪大肠菌群影响最大的土地利用类型分别为耕地、草地、林地.     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

用于城市生活垃圾好氧堆肥的滚筒式生物反应器研制

针对城市生活垃圾研制了一种用于好氧发酵的滚筒式生物反应器。滚筒式生物反应器的设计主要包括主体结构设计,支承装置的设计计算,传动装置的功率选用,进、出料装置的功能研究等。为保证滚筒式反应器发挥最大功用,在滚筒内壁增设抄板并设计了抄板的结构形式、布置情况及安装位置,用以延长生活垃圾在滚筒内的停留时间,使好氧发酵更为充分。     

Decrease of NH4+-N by bacterioplankton accelerated the removal of cyanobacterial blooms in aerated aquatic ecosystem

We used aerated systems to assess the influence of the bacterioplankton community on cyanobacterial blooms in algae/post-bloom of Lake Taihu, China. Bacterioplankton community diversity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting. Chemical analysis and nitrogen dynamic changes illustrated that NH4+-N was nitrified to NO2-N and NO3-N by bacterioplankton. Finally, NH4+-N was exhausted and NO3-N was denitrified to NO2-N, while the accumulation of NO2-N indicated that bacterioplankton with completely aerobic denitrification ability were lacking in the water samples collected from Lake Taihu. We suggested that adding completely aerobic denitrification bacteria(to denitrify NO2-N to N2)would improve the water quality. PCR-DGGE and sequencing results showed that more than 1/3 of the bacterial species were associated with the removal of nitrogen, and Acidovorax temperans was the dominant one. PCR-DGGE, variation of nitrogen, removal efciencies of chlorophyll-a and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the bacterioplankton significantly influenced the physiological and biochemical changes of cyanobacteria. Additionally, the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means revealed there was no obvious harm to the microecosystem from aeration. The present study demonstrated that bacterioplankton can play crucial roles in aerated ecosystems, which could control the impact of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophicated fresh water systems.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.