环境约束下的福建省城市建设用地利用效率及驱动因素

研究环境约束下的城市建设用地利用效率地区差异特征及其驱动机理,对于引导城市建设用地高效利用、缓解快速城镇化进程中经济社会发展与生态环境之间的矛盾、实现区域协调发展具有重要现实意义。将环境污染作为非期望产出纳入城市建设用地利用效率评价体系,运用非期望产出SE-SBM模型、变异系数、GML指数和灰色关联度模型,系统研究2006—2016年福建省城市建设用地利用效率的时空分异特征、动态趋势演变及其驱动因素。研究表明：（1）2006—2016年福建城市建设用地利用效率总体呈正弦函数式样波动,2012—2016年投入产出效率始终位于有效前沿面。各地区效率差异明显,效率的高低与经济发展水平之间并非是正相关关系。（2）空间格局整体上呈现东部沿海地区的效率值高于西部内陆地区的分布态势,形成明显的集群效应。漳州虽属于东南部沿海地区,但2016年其效率值仍处于无效状态,未发生根本性转变,这进一步说明高效率城市的辐射带动作用较弱。（3）福建全要素生产率表现为正弦函数式样增长态势,整体发展趋势向好。技术进步引起的集聚规模效应是造成地区全要素生产增长率差异的主要原因,技术因素是缩小地区间全要素增长率差距的关键。（4）城镇化水平、生态投入、政府规制、耕地资源禀赋、科技研发投入和产业结构高级化是影响福建省城市建设用地利用效率时空分异与演变的主要驱动因素。     

Barriers and enablers to climate change adaptation in hierarchical governance systems: the case of Vietnam

Governments fulfil important roles in increasing the adaptive capacity of local communities to respond to climate change impacts, particularly in developing countries. Existing studies on how governments enable and constrain the ways in which local level communities learn and build their adaptive capacity, however, generally adopt network or market-oriented types of governance. However, the most vulnerable regions to climate change impact in the world are generally governed through hierarchical policy systems. This research aims to understand how the hierarchical policy system in Vietnam creates enables and/or constrains the policy capacity of policy actors to contribute to effective climate change adaptation. We conducted interviews (n?=?26) with key actors at multiple levels of government. Our findings show the importance of clear legal institutions, available financing for implementing policies, and the training of governmental staff, particularly at district and commune levels where the policy capacities are generally too low to deal with climate change impacts. We conclude that any efforts to support local actors (i.e. smallholder farmers) should include investments in policy capacity to ensure uptake and upscaling of adaptation actions more broadly.     

乘子法在求解拥挤交通问题中的应用

笔者讨论了具有能力约束 ,带拥挤排队现象的城市交通配流问题 ,包括静态的UE配流模型和动态的用户最优配流模型 ,并建立了相应的数学规划模型来进行描述 ,说明了模型的解与用户平衡条件之间的等价性 ,在给出了乘子法的理论依据的基础上 ,分别设计了基于乘子法的求解带有路段能力限制的静态UE和动态用户最优模型的算法 ,并给出了算法的具体步骤。     

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND WATER RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT The Las Vegas Valley in southern Nevada has provided ample opportunity for mission oriented water resources research, and, to some extent, application of those research results. Past studies of the ground-water systems have resulted in the construction of a direct electrical analog, two digital simulation models, a Hele-Shaw fluid analog, a linear programming model, and two dynamic programming models. The work accomplished has dealt with the problems of groundwater management, waste water reclamation and artificial recharge, and conjunctive use water management. The current study is attempting to integrate previous results and new work into a detailed and realistic conjunctive use water resource management model to achieve system efficiency under more than one criteria. The research team is interdisciplinary in nature and encompasses the physical and social sciences.     

基于环境污染约束视角的农业技术效率测度

以中国1997—2009年间省际面板数据为基础,在方向性距离函数的框架下测度环境污染影响下的农业技术效率,并探讨农业环境技术效率的时空分异特征及其演变的影响因素。主要的结论如下:①1997—2009年间全国农业环境技术效率的平均值为0.692,总体上呈现增加—减少—增加的变化趋势;②农业环境技术效率的空间分布和区域经济发展水平、农业生产条件存在着对应关系,经济发展水平较高的东部地区农业环境技术效率较高,经济发展水平较低的中部和西部地区环境技术效率普遍较低;③影响农业环境技术效率的因素是多方面的。经济发展水平的提高使人们对农业环境质量需求进一步提高,也有更大能力和意愿进行农业环境污染治理,从而促进农业环境技术效率提高;种植业结构和农业产值结构的变动都会对农业环境技术效率产生影响;农业基础设施投资有利于农业环境技术效率的提高;而农业资源禀赋和农业环境管理政策对农业环境技术效率的作用不明显。     

A demonstration of how virtual meetings can enhance sustainability in a corporate context

Video conferencing (VC) offers benefits to businesses and organizations. A three‐month trial was undertaken across a telecommunications company in Australia to evaluate the use of VC benefits monitoring software to capture data and calculate utilization and business travel savings from air and car travel for individual VC end points across the company. The results from the trial were used by the finance and administration department of the company to promote VC usage and, at the same time, to introduce a nonessential air travel ban, which led to annualized cost savings of up to 40% on business as usual.     

Anthropogenic threats to evolutionary heritage of angiosperms in the Netherlands through an increase in high-competition environments

Present biodiversity comprises the evolutionary heritage of Earth's epochs. Lineages from particular epochs are often found in particular habitats, but whether current habitat decline threatens the heritage from particular epochs is unknown. We hypothesized that within a given region, humans threaten specifically habitats that harbor lineages from a particular geological epoch. We expect so because humans threaten environments that dominated and lineages that diversified during these epochs. We devised a new approach to quantify, per habitat type, diversification of lineages from different epochs. For Netherlands, one of the floristically and ecologically best-studied regions, we quantified the decline of habitat types and species in the past century. We defined habitat types based on vegetation classification and used existing ranking of decline of vegetation classes and species. Currently, most declining habitat types and the group of red-listed species are characterized by increased diversification of lineages dating back to Paleogene, specifically to Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene. Among vulnerable habitat types with large representation of lineages from these epochs were sublittoral and eulittoral zones of temperate seas and 2 types of nutrient-poor, open habitats. These losses of evolutionary heritage would go unnoticed with classical measures of evolutionary diversity. Loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene became unrelated to decline once low competition, shade tolerance, and low proportion of non-Apiaceae were accounted for, suggesting that these variables explain the loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene. Losses of heritage from Oligocene were partly explained by decline of habitat types occupied by weak competitors and shade-tolerant species. Our results suggest a so-far unappreciated human threat to evolutionary heritage: habitat decline threatens descendants from particular epochs. If the trends persist into the future uncontrolled, there may be no habitats within the region for many descendants of evolutionary ancient epochs, such as Paleogene.     

Ranging behavior of the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: a test of the ecological constraints model

The ecological constraints model predicts that daily travel distance and home range size of social animals will increase as group size increases in order to meet the dietary needs of additional group members. This theory has been supported more predominantly by studies of frugivorous primate species than by studies of folivorous species. We examined the ranging patterns of mountain gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, who include both herbaceous vegetation and fruit in their diet, to determine how ecological, behavioral, and social parameters influence movement patterns. Data were collected from three groups of gorillas with overlapping home ranges at a low-altitude location (1,450–1,800 m) and one group at a high-altitude location (2,100–2,500 m) in Bwindi from September 2001 to August 2002. We analyzed daily travel distance and home range size in relation to group size, while also considering patterns of frugivory, rainfall, and location (proxy for food availability) within the park. Both daily travel distance and home range size were positively related to group size. In addition, the degree of frugivory positively influenced daily travel distance and home range size, while rainfall negatively influenced daily travel distance only. Finally, groups at the low-altitude location, with higher fruit availability, traveled less than the group at the high-altitude location. These results demonstrate that mountain gorillas in Bwindi provide support for the ecological constraints model, but further studies are needed to determine how fine-scale spatial and temporal availability of food resources influence movement patterns. Ranging patterns of Bwindi gorillas are compared to those observed in other gorilla populations in the context of the ecological constraints model.Communicated by D. Watts     

Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A California Perspective

Carbon sequestration in terrestrialecosystems and geologic formations providesa significant opportunity for California toaddress global climate change. The physicalsize of its resources (e.g., forests,agriculture, soils, rangeland, and geologicformations) and the expertise in Californiaprovides a substantial foundation fordeveloping carbon sequestration activities.Furthermore, the co-benefits of carbonsequestration – such as improved soil andwater quality, restoration of degradedecosystems, increased plant and cropproductivity, and enhanced oil recovery – are significant. In fact, carbonsequestration often represents a `noregrets' strategy – implementing carbonsequestration provides multiple benefits,even without the advent of global climatechange.Nevertheless, researchers need to addressseveral issues to determine more accuratelythe potential, benefits, and costs ofsequestering carbon in California'sterrestrial ecosystems and geologicformations, as well as to identify the mostpromising sequestration methods and theiroptimal implementation. One key issue isthe type of regulatory constraints facingdevelopers of carbon sequestrationprojects: what permits are needed fordeveloping these projects? The permittingprocess may impede the penetration ofsequestration technologies into the marketif the costs (including transaction costs)of obtaining the permits are too burdensomeand costly. For example, at least ninefederal regulations and seven stateregulations will potentially influencecarbon sequestration projects inCalifornia. This paper also provides anexample of the types of permits needed fordeveloping a carbon sequestration project,using California as an example. It ispossible that a carbon sequestrationproject may have to obtain a total of 15permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local),before it even starts to operate. In theconcluding section, we offer some suggestedareas for research and activities forpolicy makers.     

信息约束条件下的流域农业面源污染控制优化

我国广大小流域迫切需要开展农业面源污染控制,但却面临着水质、水文、气象、土地等监测资料不足的信息约束条件。为了应对此问题,本文以具有冻融变化特征的东北地区为例,开发了一套信息约束条件下的流域农业面源污染控制优化系统。首先,提出了农业面源污染负荷的计算方法。其次,分析了流域水质的影响因素。接着,建立了面源污染输入与流域出水口水质之间的响应关系,经验证该系统输出数据与实际污染状况相吻合,能够很好地模拟流域污染状况。最后通过各种削减策略的运用,模拟出农业面源污染削减率和削减后的总氮浓度。通过采用本研究制定的控制优化方案,改变种植类型和面积以及改善施肥配施比,将污染源数据进行量化作为输入数据,经系统输出得到模拟污染输出数据,可得到较好的污染削减效果。研究结果为信息约束条件下治理流域农业面源污染提供了决策支持。