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971.
We followed selection guidelines commonly used by management agencies to select mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) as an indicator species for an ecological guild of birds. We then evaluated the ability of mountain quail to indicate the presence of other species from the guild and to index the quality of the habitat for other species. The ability of quail to indicate the presence of species from the ecological guild varied widely within and among vegetation types. Species compositions of the ecological guild were more consistent in comparisons of sites within vegetation types than they were in comparisons of sites between vegetation types. Mountain quail habitat was significantly different from the habitats of sympatric species from the guild for 14 of 15 multivariate contrasts. We suggest that managers use indicator species with caution. If indicators are used, they should be applied to guilds composed of species that closely share ecological affinities. The habitat of the indicator species should overlap extensively with those of all other guild members. The use of indicators should be restricted to very similar sites within the same general vegetation type. 相似文献
972.
Don W. Duckson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(3):457-464
ABSTRACT: The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (PL 95–87) requires data collection prior to mining which will allow a determination to be made of the probable hydrologic consequences. Modeling strategies exist which allow for such determination, but selection of a specific model form will dictate the length of data record needed. The absence of a sound management strategy by the regulatory authority in‘Maryland does not result in valid data collection and suggests that the agency is concerned more with legal compliance than with integrated resource management. 相似文献
973.
M. Hossein Sabet James Q. Coe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(4):587-596
ABSTRACT: A large-scale simulation/optimization model provides schedules for operation of water and power for the California State Water Project (SWP). The SWP consists of a series of reservoirs linked by rivers, pumping plants, canals, tunnels, and generating plants and is operated by the California Department of Water Resources. The Department provides water to municipal and agricultural users, and manages its electrical loads and resources. The model, therefore, performs hydraulic and electrical computations leading to optimal operation of the entire system. It consists of hydraulic network programming components to meet the storage objectives at all the reservoirs, a linear programming component to determine the schedules at pumping and generating plants, an electrical network programming component to balance electrical loads and resources, and a number of other simulation components. It operates on yearly, weekly, and daily bases. It is primarily used for real-time operation of the SWP and can provide hourly detail schedules which are implemented by the SWP staff via a computerized system. 相似文献
974.
Robert M. Hirsch 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(3):493-503
ABSTRACT: This paper addresses two components of the problem of estimating the magnitude of step trends in surface water quality. The first is finding a robust estimator appropriate to the data characteristics expected in water-quality time series. The Hodges-Lehmann class of estimators is found to be robust in comparison to other nonparametric and moment-based estimators. A seasonal Hodges-Lehmann estimator is developed and shown to have desirable properties. Second, the effectiveness of various sampling strategies are examined using Monte Carlo simulation coupled with application of this estimator. The simulation is based on a large set of total phosphorus data from the Potomac River. To assure that the simulated records have realistic properties, the data are modeled in a multiplicative fashion incorporating flow, hysteresis, seasonal, and noise components. The results demonstrate the importance of balancing the length of the two sampling periods and balancing the number of data values between the two periods. The inefficiency of sampling at frequencies much in excess of 12 samples per year is demonstrated. Rotational sampling designs are discussed, and efficient designs, at least for this river and constituent, are shown to involve more than one year of active sampling at frequencies of about 12 per year. 相似文献
975.
Peter F. M. McLoughlin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(3):599-607
ABSTRACT: Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m3 of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics. 相似文献
976.
Fuzzy数学在人-机-环境系统工程研究中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
孙洪元 《中国安全科学学报》1995,5(6):33-33
综述了模糊数学在航天人机环境系统工程中的应用和发展。内容包括急性缺氧反应综合评定,人机系统中的控制模型,通风服研制和鉴定以及人体。心脏功能评价等研究领域中模糊数学的应用方法和作用。其研究方法对于一般人机工程的建模和分析具有积极意义。 相似文献
978.
按照校验费和损失费最小以及有效度最大的原则分别给出了安全监测系统校验的等周期模型。当安全监测系统的无故障工作时间服从威布尔分布时,给出了模型的解法。 相似文献
979.
980.
The National Forest Management Act (1976) specifies that multiresource inventories be conducted to provide baseline data for
development and, later, monitoring of national forest management plans. This mandate entails the most ambitious and complex
resource planning effort ever attempted. In this paper we evaluate the structure and use of current inventory-monitoring programs
and recommend a framework for gathering data to improve national forest planning. Current national guidelines are general
and provide only basic directions to forest-level planners. Forest inventories have traditionally concentrated on timber.
Although these inventories are often well designed, the questions we are now asking about forest resources have outgrown these
methods. Forest management is impeded by general confusion over definitions of resources and the interactions among them.
We outline a simple classification scheme that centers on identification of basic ecosystem elements that can be readily measured.
Furthermore, spatial and temporal scales must be considered in the design of inventory-monitoring programs. The concept of
ecological indicators is reviewed, and caution is advised in their use. Inventory-monitoring programs should be goal-directed
and based on as rigorous a statistical design as possible. We also review fundamental issues of variable selection, validation,
and sampling bias. We conclude by developing a flexible inventory-monitoring program that is designed to provide information
on individual characteristics of the environment, rather than being based on fixed definitions of resources. 相似文献