区域二氧化硫控制优化模型研究

传统的区域二氧化硫控制优化都是基于损害函数法和环境标准化法的。本文在分析比较了传统二氧化硫污染控制战略优化中的损害函数法和环境标准化法各自的优点与局限的基础上。建立了基于时间序列决策的整数规划优化模型。这一理论模型更好地描述了控制战略实施的过程。把时间作为模型优化的一个因子。这种基于时间序列的过程充分考虑了货币的时间价值。并能分析这些时间价值对二氧化硫污染控制战略的动态过程影响。本文的模型是更加符合现实的情况。它对于区域二氧化硫控制的中长期决策优化显得更为有效和准确。     

Invasive species change detection using artificial neural networks and CASI hyperspectral imagery

For monitoring and controlling the extent and intensity of an invasive species, a direct multi-date image classification method was applied in invasive species (salt cedar) change detection in the study area of Lovelock, Nevada. With multidate Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) hyperspectral data sets, two types of hyperspectral CASI input data and two classifiers have been examined and compared for mapping and monitoring the salt cedar change. The two types of input data are all two-date original CASI bands and 12 principal component images (PCs) derived from the two-date CASI images. The two classifiers are an artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The experimental results indicate that (1) the direct multitemporal image classification method applied in land cover change detection is feasible either with original CASI bands or PCs, but a better accuracy was obtained from the CASI PCA transformed data; (2) with the same inputs of 12 PCs, the ANN outperforms the LDA due to the ANN’s non-linear property and ability of handling data without a prerequisite of a certain distribution of the analysis data.     

图像挖掘技术在林火影像中的应用

提出了林火遥感图像挖掘的概念，描述了图像挖掘技术在林火遥感图像上的具体应用及实现，针对林火部门每天产生并存储的有价值的林火遥感图像，结合林火上所特有的领域知识，提出了一种通过对林火遥感图像进行图像挖掘，可以将林火遥感图像分成有火或无火两类图像的方法。该方法的实现对帮助林火工作人员及早发现火情，做出火灾预测并采取相应措施具有重大的意义。     

基于有界数据包络分析(DEA)模型的应急避难场所效率评价

应用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,针对应急避难场所规划建设和运营维护两种情况,分别建立以建设成本和运营成本为输入指标,以服务性、可达性、安全性为输出指标的效率评价指标体系,并选择有界DEA模型,分层次对应急避难场所的投入产出效率进行评价。实证案例表明,临时和中长期避难场所比短期避难场所更容易获得较高的DEA效率;位于区域内部、交通便利的应急避难场所DEA效率较高;提高应急避难场所的综合利用水平,更有利于提高其DEA效率。     

Litter-based methods in developmental toxicity risk assessment

Developmental toxicity experiments are designed to assess potential adverse effects of drugs and other exposures on developing fetuses from pregnant dams. Extrapolation to humans is a very difficult problem. An important issue here is whether risk assessment should be based on the fetus or the litter level. In this paper, fetus and litter-based risks that properly account for cluster size are defined and compared for the beta-binomial model and a conditional model for clustered binary data. It is shown how the hierarchical structure of non-viable implants and viable but malformed offspring can be incorporated. Risks based on a joint model for death/resorption and malformation are contrasted with risks based on an adverse event defined as either death/resorption or malformation. The estimation of safe exposure levels for all risk types is discussed and it is shown how estimation of the cluster size distribution affects variance estimation. The methods are applied to data collected under the National Toxicology Program and in large sample simulations.     

Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of the Izmit Bay, Turkey

Surface sediments in the fraction < 63 μm collected from eight stations along the north coastline of Izmit Bay, north-eastern Marmara Sea, Turkey, were analyzed for major (organic carbon, Al, Ba, Fe and Mg) and trace (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) elements by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Sediments heavily contaminated are evaluated by the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) of US EPA. The results were compared with the marine sediment quality standards (SQS), as well as literature values reported to assess the pollution status of the sediments. The enrichment factors (EFs) were calculated to evaluate actual level of contamination for all the elements using the earth crust as reference matrix, based on elemental values by Mason which show a normal pattern near to unity. The analysis revealed two groups of elements: (i) Arsenic, Cd, Pb, and Zn are the most enriched elements; (ii) Barium, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo and Ni are at background levels. The results show that road traffic run-offs, paint industries and coal combustion are among the most significant sources.     

鄱阳湖流域千年旱涝变化特点及R/S分析

为揭示鄱阳湖流域旱涝变化规律,预测未来变化,搜集整理了鄱阳湖流域地方志、奏折等古文献记载的旱涝记录,根据灾害现象、灾害后果、救灾情况等综合研判旱涝等级。对1160~1950s旱涝频次序列进行了变化周期分析。采用了R/S方法分析了年代际旱涝频次的Hurst指数,结合变化周期分析结果,对1950s以后鄱阳湖流域的旱涝频次变化趋势进行预测,采用基于1951~2010年器测降水量的SPI指数进行验证。研究结果表明:1160~1940s鄱阳湖流域及各子流域的干旱、洪涝频次呈波动变化,周期性变化明显,干旱、洪涝的3~6个年代周期段在整个时段内均非常显著,通过了95%的信度检验;鄱阳湖流域及各子流域的年代际干旱频次的Hurst指数普遍在0.7~0.8之间,洪涝在0.8~0.9之间。预测1950s后鄱阳湖流域年代际旱涝频次整体变化将呈阶段性上升趋势,经验证预测结果与实况较为吻合。     

火电厂大气污染物排放标准实施效果的数值模拟研究

建立了2010年火电厂大气污染物排放清单,在此基础上设计了实施2003版标准和实施新版标准的模拟情景,运用Models-3/CMAQ模型系统分别预测其到2015年和2020年的NO2、SO2、PM2.5浓度以及氮、硫沉降量,探讨新版火电排放标准对我国大陆地区空气质量的改善.研究表明,新版火电标准的实施能够有效地改善我国的空气质量状况,相比于实施2003版标准情景,到2015年和2020年全国NO2浓度超过国家二级标准的面积分别减少了53.9%和55.2%;SO2浓度超过国家二级标准的面积均减少了40.0%;氮沉降强度超过1.0 t·km-2的面积分别减少了75.4%和77.9%;硫沉降强度超过1.6 t·km-2的面积分别减少了37.1%和34.3%.     

基于数据同化的太湖叶绿素多模型协同反演

在国内外众多学者的不懈努力下,开发了大量的水质参数遥感估算反演模型,但不同的模型都具有其"局限性",只能从某个层面反映"真值".基于上述考虑,本研究发展了基于数据同化方法的太湖叶绿素a浓度多模型协同反演算法.利用2006~2009年太湖野外实测水体高光谱遥感反射率数据,构建了7个叶绿素a浓度反演模型;通过模型精度对比,最终遴选出6个适宜的叶绿素a浓度反演模型.进而使用不同模型组合,进行多模型协同反演.结果表明:1多模型协同反演算法的反演精度要高于单模型反演的反演精度,最优MAPE仅为22.4%;2随着参与多模型协同反演的模型个数的增加,其反演精度也逐渐提高,MAPE均值从25.6%降低到23.4%,RMSE均值从15.082μg·L-1降低到14.575μg·L-1,相关系数R均值从0.91提升到0.92;3通过对多模型协同反演产品的置信区间进行计算,可以有效地估算产品精度和误差,同时使得获取全湖反演叶绿素a浓度的误差空间分布情况成为可能.     

某城市城镇污水处理厂COD排放现状评价分析

基于统计学的方法理论,分析北方某城市11家采用二级处理或二级强化处理工艺的城镇污水处理厂3 a例行监测数据,得到该城市城镇污水处理厂化学需氧量(COD)的排放浓度呈Delta-对数正态分布.在此基础上,借鉴美国水污染物排放限值制订方法,对该城市城镇污水处理厂COD任意一天排放和月均排放情况进行评价分析,得到其任意一天最大值低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中一级A标准(50 mg·L-1)要求,同时提出了月均排放评价结论,并对相关结论进行了讨论.本研究所探索的方法体系和结论可为相关污染物排放标准的制修订提供参考.