水溶性农药稻田流失特性研究

通过大田试验和测坑试验,研究了水溶性农药的稻田流失特性及其影响因素,在此基础上得到了杀虫单和乐果的稻田流失量。结果表明:杀虫单的稻田排水流失量为208.0g·hm-2,渗漏流失量为222.0g·hm-2,总流失量为其稻季用量的14.3%;乐果的稻田排水流失量为238.5g·hm-2,渗漏流失量为160.8g·hm-2,总流失量为其稻季用量的13.4%。     

降水对农田排水沟渠中氮磷流失的影响

以浙江嘉兴双桥农场为研究对象,分析降水对农田沟渠中氮、磷流失的影响,揭示氮、磷在降水径流中流失的一般规律. 在单晚稻生长期间,同步监测了施肥后的2次降水量和沟渠径流量,并对2次降水径流的全过程进行污染物含量的测定,对农田排水沟渠径流量与污染物含量随2次降水变化过程进行监测.结果表明:污染物含量变化呈现出大致相同的趋势,且污染物含量峰值比流量峰值提前2～3 h;在降水初期,污染物含量随径流量的增大而升高;随着流量的继续增大,含量呈下降趋势. 施肥后4 d内降水的农田沟渠中氮、磷随径流的流失量比4 d后大. 影响氮、磷流失的因素主要有降水量、降水时间间隔、径流量、施肥的种类和数量、土壤前期含水量以及沟渠中的沉积物等. 氮流失的主要形态为氨氮和硝氮;磷流失的主要形态为磷酸盐. 通过回归分析发现,径流量与氮、磷排放负荷间符合多项式关系.      

多元统计分析在四川退耕还林区土壤肥力评价中的运用

以四川洪雅退耕还林区4种退耕还林模式和农耕地17个土壤肥力指标为例,采用多元统计的主成分分析法对土壤肥力等级进行综合评价. 借助SPSS统计软件得出土壤肥力指标前5个主成分的累计贡献率为84.17%,已足够反映原指标信息. 这5个主成分分别概括为:①土壤有效磷,铵态氮,pH水浸,水解氮,全氮,硝态氮和全磷指标;②土壤全钾、速效钾和缓效钾指标;③土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和最大持水量指标;④土壤容重,毛管持水量,pH盐浸指标;⑤土壤有机质指标. 借助SPSS统计软件计算主成分因子的综合得分. 结果显示:就各模式土壤上层比较,模式Ⅲ(牛鞭草)上层在综合得分中排名第一. 就各模式土壤下层比较,模式Ⅱ(苦竹+牛鞭草)下层在综合得分中排名第一.      

水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷的截留效应

为有效阻控农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过动态模拟实验研究对比不同排水沟渠对农田流失氮、磷的截留作用,同时通过静态模拟实验重点探讨了水生植物对氮、磷在水－沉积物－水生植物这一微观系统中的截留机理.结果表明:沟渠中的水生植物茭白和菖蒲对氮、磷的截留和转化有明显的促进作用;水生植物的存在可以加速氮、磷界面交换和传递,从而使上覆水中氮、磷含量快速减少;沉积物间隙水中氮、磷含量的变化受界面交换、沉积物吸附、微生物转化及植物吸收等各方面因素影响,水生植物调整并加强氮、磷的各种转化,植物的存在使得间隙水中氨氮及磷酸盐含量降低并呈现规律变化.      

Major and trace elements in paddy soil contaminated by Pb–Zn mining: a case study of Kočani Field,Macedonia

The objective of this study was to assess the bulk chemical composition as well as the extent and severity of heavy metal contamination in the paddy soil of Kočani Field (eastern Macedonia). The results revealed that the paddy soil of the western part of Kočani Field is severely contaminated with Pb, Zn, As and Cd in the vicinity of the Zletovska River due to irrigation with riverine water that is severely affected by acid mine and tailing effluents from the Pb–Zn mine in Zletovo. The detected total concentrations of these metals are far above the threshold values considered to be phytotoxically excessive for surface soil. The paddy soil in the vicinity of the Zletovska River was also found to exhibit elevated levels of Ba, Th, U, V, W, Mo, Cu, Sb, Bi, Ag, Au, Hg and Tl, with concentrations above their generally accepted median concentration values obtained during this study. A correlation matrix revealed that the Mn and Fe oxides/hydroxides are the most important carrier phase for several trace elements, with the exception of rare earth elements (REEs). These also represent a major sink for the observed heavy metal pollution of the soil. REEs are mostly associated with two phases: light (L)REEs are bound to K-Al, while heavy (H)REEs are bound to Mg-bearing minerals. Although there is no direct evidence of a health risk, the paddy soil in the vicinity of Zletovska River needs further investigation and an assessment should be made of its suitability for agricultural use, particularly in view of the highly elevated concentrations of Pb, Zn, As and Cd.     

长白山低山丘陵区生态农业建设与小流域治理——以吉林省柳河试验区为例

吉林省柳河试验区是长白山低山丘陵区域的典型代表。本文在分析了该试验区的农业自然条件及其存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了生态农业建设与小流域综合治理的技术模式,并报道了初步实施结果     

中药提取废水的治理工程

以治理工程实例,介绍了以气浮+UBF+CASS为主体工艺处理高浓度中药提取废水的实际运行情况和工程治理效果。实践表明,采用本治理技术,能确保出水水质全面满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,各污染物的去除均能达到90%~99%的水平。     

IDENTIFICATION OF CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: A set of procedures for identifying changes in selected streamflow characteristics at sites having long‐term continuous streamflow records is illustrated by using streamflow data from the Waccamaw River at Freeland, North Carolina for the 55‐year period of 1940–1994. Data were evaluated and compared to streamflow in the adjacent Lumber River Basin to determine if changes in streamflow characteristics in the Waccamaw River were localized and possibly the result of some human activity, or consistent with regional variations. Following 1963, droughts in the Waccamaw Basin seem to have been less severe than in the Lumber Basin, and the annual one‐, seven‐, and 30‐day low flows exhibited a slightly increasing trend in the Waccamaw River. Mean daily flows in the Waccamaw River at the 90 percent exceedance level (low flows) during 1985–194, a relatively dry period, were very nearly equal to flows at the same exceedance level for 1970–1979, which represents the 10‐year period between 1940 and 1994 with the highest flows. Prior to the 1980s, flows per unit drainage area in the Waccamaw Basin were generally less than those in the Lumber Basin, but after 1980, the opposite was true. The ratio of base flow to runoff in the Waccamaw River may have changed relative to that in the Lumber River in the late 1970s. There was greater variability in Waccamaw River streamflow than in Lumber River flow, and flow variability in the Waccamaw River may have increased slightly during 1985–1994.     

增江流域河流颗粒有机碳的来源、含量变化及输出通量

对华南增江径流进行了 1个水文年度的 1 5次等时段采样 ,分析了河流悬移质中主要生源元素 (C、N、H)的含量 ,并估算了不同物源的贡献 .结果表明 ,增江悬移质中的有机碳以水生藻类的贡献为主 ,土壤侵蚀来源的有机碳在悬移质粗粒组中的份额平均为 37 2 4 % ,在细粒组中仅占 1 1 1 1 % 增江流域颗粒有机碳的输出通量为 0 83× 1 0 6g·km-2 ·a-1 ,其中来自土壤的颗粒有机碳通量为 0 2 2× 1 0 6g·km-2 ·a-1 .     

污染型建设项目环境影响评价中的工程分析

工程分析是建设项目环境影响评价的一项重要组成部分。通过对各类建设项目环境影响评价的工程分析 ,尤其是对工程分析的内容探讨 ,阐明环境影响评价工作的新思路 ,可以促进环境影响评价工作的开展。