城市消防车辆装备布局评估

从城市建筑对于消防车辆装备需求的角度出发，以基于城市建筑的消防车辆装备布局合理性为依据，提出了一套城市消防车辆装备布局评估方法。通过相关实例应用可看出，该布局评估方法科学、实用，为消防车辆的优化配置和城市消防车辆装备布局合理规划提供了论证基础。     

催化剂的发动机台架快速老化试验研究

本文介绍了建立一个与汽车排放净化催化剂实际老化效果相一致的发动机台架试验快速老化循环方法 ,并讨论了我们在试验室中建立的催化剂的快速老化循环方法步骤和结果。     

Assessment of thermodynamics performance with sustainable propulsion indicators of a seaplane engine for different temperatures in the same altitude

Seaplanes have become an important tool along with rapidly developing technology in modern transportation for many countries related to sea. Considering the environmental evaluation for these aircraft, decreasing fossil fuels consumption and energy efficiency are important points for sustainability. For this purpose, in this study, first, the energy and exergy analyses based on the real data of a turboprop engine used in seaplane taken as the reference were performed. Then, new indicators developed for the sustainable propulsion index were examined and evaluated separately. The analyses were made for an altitude of 9000 ft and three different dead state temperatures of ?33°C, ?3°C, and 27°C. According to the analyses, while the average energy efficiencies were found to be 34.7%, 37.8%, and 40.7%, the average exergy efficiencies were found to be 19.24%, 21.25%, and 23.20%, respectively. In addition, the improvement potential due to irreversibility and entropy production for each case was also calculated and the results of the sustainable emission index were found to be very low. At the end of the study, the results were evaluated and some suggestions for the effective use of energy in the seaplanes were made.     

Analysis of methanol and organometallic MnO2 fuels as alternative fuels in a diesel engine

In this study, methanol and organometallic MnO₂ fuels were used to improve the properties of diesel fuel. In addition, the effect of methanol fuel on engine oil and a piston ring was also examined experimentally in a four-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine running at 200 bar. Three different diesel fuels were prepared by adding 5, 10 and 15% methanol to diesel fuel. In order to prevent phase separation, 1% dodecanol was added to the mixture. Organometallic compounds of manganese were synthesised to prepare the solutions. The most effective amount and performance of anti-freeze were determined. From the results, it was observed that carbon monoxide emissions decreased and NOx emissions increased with the increase in the amount of methanol. On the other hand, organometallic MnO₂ increased the cetane number and decreased the freezing point, viscosity and flame temperature.     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)减少重载柴油机烟度排放的试验研究

在一台满足国三排放法规要求的重载车用增压中冷电控单体泵柴油机上,将其改造成柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机并进行台架试验.利用电控单元控制向进气歧管喷射的甲醇量及其喷射时刻,原柴油机供油系统保持不变.试验主要研究在稳定工况时,不同的负荷以及不同的甲醇对柴油的比例情况下,经催化转化后发动机干炭烟烟度(415烟度)和不透光烟度(439烟度)排放的情况.试验结果表明,在燃用现有市售的燃油条件下,与原机相比,相同工况下采用DMCC的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度都有大幅度的减少.干炭烟的最大降幅达95%,平均降幅达到50%以上.在柴油喷射量不变的情况下,增加甲醇喷射量,干炭烟烟度会持续减小,而不透光烟度呈先减少后增加的趋势.同负荷时的甲醇对柴油替代率为44.88%到56.73%时,不透光烟度存在最低点,并且发动机的烟度排放存在最优值.在同一工况下,随着柴油对甲醇的比例增加,发动机的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度排放都逐渐增加.     

橡胶密封件加速老化试验影响因素分析及验证

通用的橡胶材料加速老化试验方法未考虑初始压缩率、密封形式、密封介质等工程应用的细节因素。通过一系列对比试验,初步掌握了上述各因素对橡胶密封件加速老化试验结论的影响程度,为工程实践中科学评估装备贮存寿命提供了依据。     

基于全生命周期评价理论的EREV/BEV/ICEV环境效益及减碳经济性评估

为完善增程式电动汽车（Extended range electric vehicle,EREV）全生命周期环境影响和经济效益评价研究,对EREV、纯电动汽车（Battery electric vehicle,BEV）和内燃机汽车（Internal combustion engine vehicle,ICEV）进行了对比分析.基于生命周期评价理论和生命周期成本分析方法,构建了车辆生命周期资源消耗、能源消耗、环境影响和成本评价模型,针对不同汽车各阶段材料消耗、能源消耗和环境排放三大特性,识别EREV、BEV和ICEV的环境负荷差异,并从初始购置成本、使用维护成本和报废回收成本3个方面评价了EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期成本差异.综合碳排放特性和经济属性,进一步提出减碳经济性评价指标,科学评价EREV和BEV的环境效益和减碳经济性,并讨论了不同电力结构下EREV、BEV和ICEV的生命周期温室气体排放情况和减碳经济性变化.对增程式电动汽车进行全生命周期内综合评价研究,进一步明确EREV在多种能源类型汽车技术路线中的环境效益和减碳经济性.结果表明,相比于ICEV,BEV和EREV在运行使...     

深圳市典型混合功能区PM2.5源解析研究

为精准识别深圳市典型商业、居住与工业混合功能区的PM_2.5污染来源,选取深圳市北部地区5个点位于2017年9月~2018年8月全年进行PM_2.5的样品采集和组分分析,利用优化的多元线性引擎模型（ME-2）对其主要来源及其时空变化特征进行探索.结果显示,研究区域研究时段的大气PM_2.5年均浓度为29.0μg/m³,解析出了SO₂二次转化（19.9%）、机动车（15.1%）、生物质燃烧（11.2%）等10种来源,其中SO₂二次转化、生物质燃烧、NO_x二次转化、VOCs二次转化、工业排放、老化海盐和远洋船舶源具有显著的区域传输特征,而机动车源、燃煤和扬尘具有本地源特征,受到局地排放的影响较大.重污染天气下机动车源、NO_x二次转化、工业排放及生物质燃烧源的增加最为显著,加强这些源的控制是此类混合功能区PM_2.5污染精细化防治的关键.     

基于工况变化的港作拖轮排放特性

利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）对一艘港作拖轮船进行了在变工况航行作业下的排放试验,研究了该船舶CO、碳氢化合物（THC）和NO_x的瞬态特性、颗粒物粒径分布特性、主机在不同工况下的排放因子.结果表明：拖轮主机在日常航行工况和不同发动机负荷下,颗粒物排放粒径呈单峰或双峰分布,第一峰值粒径在30~40nm之间,第二峰值粒径为191.1nm;CO和THC在进港返航工况下基于油耗排放因子显著高于其他工况,NO_x、颗粒物（PM）和颗粒物数量（PN）在离港返航时排放因子高于其他工况;各排放污染物在正顶作业时基于距离的排放因子高于其他工况;CO和THC基于功率的排放因子在正顶作业工况下最高,最高值分别为4.10和1.20g/（kW·h）,NO_x、PM、PN排放因子在倒拖作业工况下最高,最高值分别为10.28g/（kW·h）,0.28g/（kW·h）和13.97×10¹⁴个/（kW×h）.