UV-B辐射增强对小麦籽粒化学组分的影响

在自然光照射条件下,研究了UV-B辐射增强对小麦籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉、赖氨酸、蛋白质等化学组分及其相互转化的影响.结果表明:增加0.25W·m-2的UV-B辐射使灌浆期的小麦籽粒中可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,淀粉含量变化幅度增大,赖氨酸含量下降速度较快,成熟期总蛋白质含量增加.增加0.75W·m-2的UV-B辐射能降低成熟籽粒中可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,增加赖氨酸及总蛋白质的含量.     

UV-B辐射增强对不同大麦品种生理特性的影响

通过大田试验,研究了UV-B辐射增强对不同生育期3个大麦(Hordeum vulgare)品种光合和蒸腾生理特性的影响。试验设对照(自然光)和辐射增强(辐照强度14.4 kJ.m-2.d-1)2个UV-B辐射水平。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强明显抑制大麦光合作用和蒸腾作用。与对照相比,UV-B辐射增强可降低叶片叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率,但对胞间CO2摩尔分数基本没有影响。不同大麦品种对UV-B辐射增强响应的敏感性存在差异,单2号对UV-B辐射增强较为敏感,而苏啤4号较不敏感。     

Enhancement of UV and chromate mutagenesis by nickel ions in the Chinese hamster HGPRT Assay †

1. The HGPRT (Hypoxanthine‐Guanine‐Phospho‐Ribosyl‐Transferase) assay with Chinese Hamster V79 cells was used to measure the mutagenic effects of UV irradiation, potassium dichromate and nickel chloride. The agents were tested separately and in the combinations of UV plus nickel and dichromate plus nickel.

2. UV, Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were confirmed to be mutagenic in the V79 cell assay. The combination of UV(5J/m²) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) caused a mutation rate 11.2 times above that corresponding to the sum of the individual mutation rates of these agents. The combined action of Cr(VI) (0.1 mM) and Ni(II) (0.5 mM) produced a mutation rate 2.8 fold above that corresponding to the sum of the individual rates of the separate agents.

3. The enhancing effect of nickel chloride on the mutagenicity of UV or Cr(VI) is interpreted by an interference of Ni(II) with the repair of DNA lesions.     

不同流态下微波辐射对污水污泥性质的影响研究

通过对不同流态下微波辐射对污水污泥性质的影响进行研究,考察了不同流态下微波辐射作用处理后污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的变化,以及微波辐射作用下流态对污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)溶解率、上清液中COD和污泥微观形态的影响.结果表明,流态对污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能有一定影响,微波辐射功率越高,流态对污泥沉降性能和脱水性能的影响越显著.微波辐射功率较低时,雷诺数Re越大,污泥的沉降比(SV)、比阻和泥饼含水率越小;微波辐射功率较高时,Re为2300的临界流态下污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能最好.随着Re的增大,VSS溶解率和上清液中COD升高,微波辐射功率分别为300、500、700和900 W时,Re为3000的紊流流态下上清液中COD分别达到1.1、2.1、3.6和6.7 g·L-1.SEM观察结果表明,微波辐射及流态产生的协同剪切应时适宜时,有利于污泥颗粒的絮凝反应,高强度的微波辐射和紊流产生的较大剪切应力导致污泥絮体被打碎.     

紫外线B对海洋生态系统的影响

近年来随着臭氧损失现象日益严重，到达地球表面的紫外线B辐射不断加强，海洋生态系统受到了前所未有的威胁。UV-B的增强改变了生物体赖以生存的水体环境，影响了浮游植物对营养盐的吸收同化，抑制了浮游植物的光合作用，从而减少了海洋对CO2的吸收能力，其结果直接增加了温室效应。同时UV-B也直接影响生态系统食物链的各个营养级，伤害海洋病毒、细菌和浮游植物，降低浮游动物和仔稚鱼的成活率，进而影响到整个海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

增补UV-B辐射下南亚热带森林建群树种叶片对UV-B辐射的防护

研究了我国南亚热带森林5种建群树种UV-B辐射诱导的UV-B吸收物质(在280～320 nm波长下测定)的积累及抗UV-B辐射的可能性保护机制.增补UV-B辐射下,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶的甲醇可溶性提取物和细胞壁的碱提取酚类的含量明显高于正常水平的光辐射下.红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)和厚壳桂(Cryptocarya chinensis)叶片的这些化学物质也升高,意味着增补UV-B辐射刺激UV-B辐射吸收物质的生成,形成抗UV-B辐射的功能性保护结构.然而,自然光下已含有大量细胞壁碱提取酚类的荷木(Schima superba)和藜蒴(Castanopsis fissa),这些化合物在增补UV-B辐射下则见下降,很有可能表皮层细胞壁碱提取酚类被转移到含有较低甲醇可溶性色素的液胞可溶性化合物里,这一现象意示着可能涉及叶肉组织光合机构的保护策略.增补UV-B下,马尾松针叶的叶绿素a和b含量不受影响,而其他4种阔叶树叶片则下降10.7% 到16.8%不等.胡萝卜素对增补UV-B辐射的响应变化不一,红椎和荷木的胡萝卜素水平下降,而马尾松、厚壳桂和藜蒴的胡萝卜素则上升,后者也许与功能性增加激发能耗散有关.结果显示,自然条件下不同树种展示出不同的驯化策略以形成抗UV-B辐射增加的防护机制.表4参29     

同步辐射技术在环境纳米金属组学研究中的应用

随着我国工业的发展,在工业产值不断提升的同时,向环境中释放出的各类污染物也逐渐增加,其中包括多种金属纳米颗粒物。这些金属纳米颗粒物进入大气、水源及土壤中,累积到一定程度引起环境安全问题;进一步可被动植物所吸收,经过食物链富集和传递,造成直接或间接人体暴露,危害人体健康。环境纳米金属组学,研究的范畴主要涉及自然或人为因素产生的金属纳米颗粒在环境介质和生物有机体中的生物/化学行为、转化归趋,并且据此评价金属纳米颗粒物的环境安全性及其生物健康效应。随着对金属纳米颗粒环境效应研究的不断深入,对传统的研究方法提出了更多的挑战。同步辐射具有高亮度、高准直和宽频谱等特性,在金属元素分析方面具有无可比拟的优势。本文主要介绍了同步辐射技术,如同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术(SR-XRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱技术(SR-XAS)等,在金属纳米颗粒物的环境行为及其生物健康效应研究中的应用;结合本实验室及国内外的一些研究工作,阐述了同步辐射技术应用于环境纳米金属组学研究领域所取得的一些新进展,以期为拓展同步辐射技术在环境金属纳米颗粒物分析的应用研究提供参考价值。     

急性毒性藻红外测试中敏感藻的确定方法

敏感藻是指在急性毒性藻红外测试中对毒物响应的温差大、时间快、种类多、剂量低的特殊藻类.自然藻中是否存在敏感藻以及如何确定,是建立藻红外测试法的关键.为此,开展了敏感藻确定方法的探索性研究.试验用8种藻,重金属、有机毒物、农药各10种进行测试分析,结果表明:短线脆杆藻(Fragilaria brevistriata)对重金属、羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)对有机毒物、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)对除草剂和杀虫剂、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)对杀菌剂的平均绝对温差分别为0.21℃、0.27℃、0.19～0.20℃、0.20℃,分别高出各自的总均温差0.07℃、0.15℃、0.07℃、0.08℃;4种藻的平均响应时间1.5～7.0min,较好响应药品的响应率≥80%;发光细菌对部分药品的灵敏度在0.07～50.0mg·L-1,而4种藻对相同药品的灵敏度在0.01～7.0mg·L-1.根据敏感藻定义和试验结果,确定短线脆杆藻、羊角月牙藻、纤细裸藻、水华鱼腥藻分别为重金属、有机毒物、除草剂和杀虫剂、杀菌剂的敏感藻.     

Climate engineering and human rights

ABSTRACT

In this Forum, three scholars discuss how climate engineering will pose novel human rights challenges, and may well force reconsideration of how human rights are applied as a guide to action. Following a short introduction, the first section introduces three competing approaches to human rights, arguing views which emphasize fairness or attempt to maximize satisfaction are more promising than one viewing human rights as inviolable ‘side-constraints’. The second section draws lessons from climate migration that are relevant for climate engineering in terms of incorporating a human rights approach to duties, rights, and participation. The final section compares the ‘needs-based’ and ‘rights-based’ approaches to humanitarian work in the face of climate change and climate engineering, raising concerns for duty-bearers and right-holders. The Forum’s conclusion draws together points of overlap and suggests a path forward for policy and research on this topic.     

Fast,cheap, and imperfect? US public opinion about solar geoengineering

ABSTRACT

Solar geoengineering, which seeks to cool the planet by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back into space, has drawn the attention of scientists and policymakers as climate change remains unabated. Unlike mitigation, solar geoengineering could quickly and cheaply lower global temperatures. It is also imperfect. Its environmental impacts remain unpredictable, and its low cost and immediate effects may result in ‘moral hazard,’ potentially crowding out costly mitigation efforts. There is little understanding about how the public will respond to such tradeoffs. To address this, a 1000-subject nationally representative poll focused on solar geoengineering was conducted as part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) of the US electorate in October–November 2016. The importance that individuals place on solar geoengineering’s speed and cost predicts their support for it, but there is little to no relationship between their concerns about its shortcomings and support for its research and use. Acquiescence bias appears to be an important factor for attitudes around solar geoengineering and moral hazard.