草鱼在2-硝基芴试验液中暴露后鳃组织结构变化的初步研究

用电镜观察的方法研究具有直接致突变性和致癌性的化合物－２硝基芴对草鱼鳃组织结构的影响,结果表明,２－硝基芴对鳃组织有明显的损伤,主要包括鳃小片的肿大和出现大量的泌氯细胞,并在作用１０ｄ时观察到上皮细胞死亡。     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅镉吸收与分配的影响

采用盆栽方法模拟土壤Cd污染状况,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅生长及对Cd吸收、分配的影响.结果表明,土壤加Cd15～50mg·kg-1对菌根侵染率无显著影响;在不加Cd的土壤中,接种菌根真菌有助于Cd的吸收和向地上部的运输;在Cd污染土壤中,接种菌根真菌并未明显改善紫羊茅的磷营养状况,并且也没有明显增加紫羊茅的生物量,但是地上部的Cd浓度和吸收量均显著低于不接种的处理,其原因是菌根真菌强化了Cd在紫羊茅根系的固持作用,减少Cd在地上部的分配比例,从而降低了紫羊茅地上部对Cd的积累.试验还观察到,不同菌根真菌对紫羊茅吸Cd量的影响具有一定差异,Glomusintraradices在Cd污染的土壤中对Cd吸收的抑制效应大于Glomousmosseae.这些结果一方面说明菌根真菌侵染是紫羊茅地上部Cd含量减少的直接原因,同时也反映出在自然生态系统中,作为污染物由土壤环境进入食物链系统的门户之一的丛枝菌根真菌在调节生态系统中重金属Cd的生物循环、减轻重金属Cd对食物链的污染风险方面发挥着重要作用.     

Evaluation of the use of psychometric scales in human–wildlife interaction research to determine attitudes and tolerance toward wildlife

Studies evaluating human–wildlife interactions (HWIs) in a conservation context often include psychometric scales to measure attitudes and tolerance toward wildlife. However, data quality is at risk when such scales are used without appropriate validation or reliability testing, potentially leading to erroneous interpretation or application of findings. We used 2 online databases (ProQuest Psych Info and Web of Science) to identify published HWI studies that included attitude and tolerance. We analyzed these studies to determine the methods used to measure attitudes or tolerance toward predators and other wildlife; determine the proportion of these methods applying psychometric scales; and evaluate the rigor with which the scales were used by examining whether the psychometric properties of validity and reliability were reported. From 2007 to 2017, 114 published studies were identified. Ninety-four (82%) used questionnaires and many of these (53 [56%]) utilized a psychometric scale. Most scales (39 [74%]) had at least 1 test of reliability reported, but reliance on a single test was notable, contrary to recommended practice. Fewer studies (35 [66%]) reported a test of validity, but this was primarily restricted to structural validity rather than more comprehensive testing. Encouragingly, HWI investigators increasingly utilized the necessary psychometric tools for designing and analyzing questionnaire data, but failure to assess the validity or reliability of psychometric scales used in over one-third of published HWI attitude research warrants attention. We advocate incorporation of more robust application of psychometric scales to advance understanding of stakeholder attitudes as they relate to HWI.     

水利水电工程建设对荒漠河岸林草的影响分析研究

以新疆喀什噶尔河流域克孜河卡拉贝利水利枢纽工程为例,采用水均衡模型计算方法,从工程建成后区域荒漠河岸林草耗水量变化、荒漠河岸林草区地下水位变化情况、工程建成后洪水过程变化等方面分析工程建设对工程影响区荒漠河岸林草的影响。评价结果显示,工程建成后,与现状相比荒漠河岸林草植被的耗水量有所增加,区域平均地下水埋深仍能维持现状,在河岸林草生长和繁殖的6-9月,区域地下水位较现状略有上升,可满足大部分荒漠河岸林草植被的正常生长需求,水库对5年一遇标准以下洪水不调蓄,不会对荒漠河岸林草的繁衍存活产生明显不利影响。     

鼎湖山20公顷森林样地单个物种对群落的构建

大型固定监测森林样地已成为研究森林群落组织机制的一个重要平台。群落里个体之间的相互作用对群落的构建有相当重要的作用。以往的研究主要针对于物种之间的相互作用,而用群落里单个物种与其它所有个体之间相互关系来解释群落构建的研究还很少。采用单个物种-面积关系(ISAR)这一指标对鼎湖山20 hm2样地和BCI 50 hm2样地数据分析,来研究不同样地单个物种是如何对森林群落进行构建的。结果显示,与BCI样地和Sinharaja样地不同,鼎湖山样地大树对周围其它个体的作用几乎是中性的;而对于小树(胸径小于10 cm)来说,鼎湖山样地和BCI样地一样,随着尺度的增加吸引型物种减少,而中性物种增加。说明了不同的群落在不同的发育阶段,单个物种对群落结构的构建有重要的作用不同,将来的研究应该结合群落其它方面的因素来分析群落内个体之间相互作用,例如从时间尺度的谱系和空间因素去分析。     

渭北生草果园土壤有机碳矿化及其与土壤酶活性的关系

通过短期(31 d)室内培养法测定苹果园清耕、苹果∕白三叶间作、苹果∕小冠花间作这3种管理模式下土壤有机碳矿化动态和4种土壤酶活性,探讨了渭北果园不同生草条件下土壤有机碳矿化规律及其与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,在培养过程中,3种管理模式下土壤有机碳日矿化率均表现出先升高后降低,后期保持低且比较稳定的趋势.培养31 d后,与对照处理土壤有机碳矿化累积量为367 mg·kg-1相比较,白三叶处理最大为590 mg·kg-1、小冠花处理为541 mg·kg-1,并且3个处理在垂直方向上有机碳累积矿化量均随土层深度增加而减小.由一级动力学方程拟合发现,生草果园土壤有机碳矿化碳潜力(Cp)和矿化速率常数(k)值分别为0.252~2.74 g·kg-1和0.019~0.051 d-1,果园生草处理Cp值与对照处理Cp值差异显著,并且土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶与土壤有机碳矿化有较高的相关性.     

甘南地区草畜平衡动态评估

过度放牧是导致草原退化和沙化的重要原因之一,草畜平衡管理是保障草原牧区可持续发展的关键。基于多时相遥感和畜牧业统计数据,以甘南地区为研究区,构建逐月草畜平衡动态评估的核算方法,探讨畜牧业生产管理过程中优化时空布局的必要性。主要结论如下：（1）基于产草量—饲草需求量—饲草存量动态关系的逐月核算方法实现了季节性的草畜平衡动态评估;（2）甘南地区的草畜平衡矛盾主要表现为家畜对牧草的稳定需求与天然牧草供给的季节性波动,逐月逐乡镇的饲草缺口核算为精准补饲提供科学依据;（3）州—县—乡尺度的草畜平衡状态表明甘南地区全域草量富富有余但部分县乡超载,揭示了跨行政边界的轮牧措施可以缓解因局地的季节性过载造成的草地退化。     

Assessing and Monitoring the Health of Western Rangeland Watersheds

The most important function of watersheds in the western U.S. is the capacity to retain soil and water, thereby providing stability in hydrologic head and minimizing stream sediment loads. Long-term soil and water retention varies directly with vegetation cover. Data on ground cover and plant species composition were collected from 129 sites in the Rio Grande drainage of south-central New Mexico. This area was previously assessed by classification of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry (AVHRR) imagery. The classification of irreversibly degraded sites failed to identify most of the severely degraded sites based on size of bare patches and 35% of the sites classified as degraded were healthy based on mean bare patch size and vegetation cover. Previous research showed that an index of unvegetated soil (bare patch size and percent of ground without vegetative cover) was the most robust indicator of the soil and water retention function. Although the regression of mean bare patch size on percent bare ground was significant (p < 0.001), percent bare ground accounted for only 11% of the variability in bare patch size. Therefore bare patch size cannot be estimated from data on percent bare ground derived from remote sensing. At sites with less than 25% grass cover, and on sites with more than 15% shrub cover, there were significant relationships between percent bare soil and mean bare patch size (p < 0.05). Several other indicators of ecosystem health were related to mean bare patch size: perennial plant species richness (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001), percent cover of increaser species (r = 0.5, p < 0.0001) and percent cover of forage useable by livestock (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001). There was no relationship between bare patch size and cover of species that are toxic to livestock. In order to assess the ability of western rangeland watersheds to retain soil and water using remote sensing, it will be necessary to detect and estimate sizes of bare patches ranging between at least 0.5 m in diameter to several meters in diameter.     

对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应研究

以静水法生物测试研究了对二氯苯和镉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的联合毒性效应,并采用Marking水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对联合毒性效应进行了评价.结果表明, 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼的单一毒性作用时,24、48、72和96 h对二氯苯对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是10.11、9.04、8.52和7.83 mg/L; 24、48、72和96 h镉对草鱼的LC₅₀分别是40.02、35.05、28.99和24.41 mg/L,因此对二氯苯的毒性大于镉的毒性. 对二氯苯和镉对草鱼种的联合毒性作用,当采用毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间分别为24、48、72、96　h时AI>0,联合作用结果为协同作用,而当采用浓度1∶1进行试验时,表现出暴露时间为24、48、72 h的AI<0,联合作用结果表现为拮抗作用,而暴露时间为96 h时AI>0,联合作用结果则为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,对二氯苯和镉的联合毒性作用从拮抗作用转变为毒性剧增的协同作用.     

碳素纤维泛氧化塘治理高寒地河水的试验研究

采用碳素纤维生态草填料和间歇曝气强化的泛氧化塘对长春新凯河河水展开了异位式治理的试验研究,考察了单一的填料强化和"间歇曝气+填料强化泛氧化塘"对污染物的年度去除效果。试验过程中发现COD、NH4+-N、TP的去除效果受温度的影响比较明显,四季平均去除率分别为16.85%~34.19%、13.6%~53.14%、9.22%~26.08%;NH4+-N去除率同时受DO的影响也很明显,夏季间歇曝气可提高NH4+-N去除率27%左右。全年监测结果表明:曝气强化作用在夏季最为明显,在停留时间为36 h、曝气时间为18 h/d、曝气量为0.4 m3/min时,碳素纤维曝气泛氧化塘对COD、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为34.19%、53.14%、26.08%,这表明采用碳素纤维曝气泛氧化塘对受污染河水的治理是可行的。