退耕还林与贫困地区粮食安全的实证分析--以宁夏回族自治区为例

本文以实证分析的方法,以宁夏地区为例,通过研究该地区2003年200户退耕户和100户非退耕户之间。以及二者与1999年实行退耕还林政策前的人均粮食消费量和人均食品支出水平的变化,认为退耕户的粮食安全程度比非退耕户和退耕前的农户有了显著的提高,这种提高与农民的人均收入水平和人均耕地面积呈正相关,而与粮食播种面积比重呈负相关,因而可得得出结论：在生态脆弱地区实行退耕还林政策并不会影响当地农民的粮食安全。     

Global patterns and trends in human–wildlife conflict compensation

Human–wildlife conflict is a major conservation challenge, and compensation for wildlife damage is a widely used economic tool to mitigate this conflict. The effectiveness of this management tool is widely debated. The relative importance of factors associated with compensation success is unclear, and little is known about global geographic or taxonomic differences in the application of compensation programs. We reviewed research on wildlife‐damage compensation to determine geographic and taxonomic gaps, analyze patterns of positive and negative comments related to compensation, and assess the relative magnitude of global compensation payments. We analyzed 288 publications referencing wildlife compensation and identified 138 unique compensation programs. These publications reported US$222 million (adjusted for inflation) spent on compensation in 50 countries since 1980. Europeans published the most articles, and compensation funding was highest in Europe, where depredation by wolves and bears was the most frequently compensated damage. Authors of the publications we reviewed made twice as many negative comments as positive comments about compensation. Three‐quarters of the negative comments related to program administration. Conversely, three‐quarters of the positive comments related to program outcomes. The 3 most common suggestions to improve compensation programs included requiring claimants to employ damage‐prevention practices, such as improving livestock husbandry or fencing of crops to receive compensation (n = 25, 15%); modifying ex post compensation schemes to some form of outcome‐based performance payment (n = 21, 12%); and altering programs to make compensation payments more quickly (n = 14, 8%). We suggest that further understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of compensation as a conflict‐mitigation tool will require more systematic evaluation of the factors driving these opinions and that differentiating process and outcomes and understanding linkages between them will result in more fruitful analyses and ultimately more effective conflict mitigation.     

鄱阳湖湖口-长江段沉积物中微塑料与重金属污染物的赋存关系

重金属是环境中的典型污染物,而微塑料是新型污染物,两者的共存可导致复合污染而存在潜在的生态风险.为探讨鄱阳湖湿地环境中微塑料与重金属的赋存关系,对鄱阳湖湖口-长江段沉积物中微塑料与重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr)的含量及其形态特征进行分析.结果表明,沉积物干物质中微塑料丰度范围为356～1 452 n·kg~(-1),平均丰度值达982. 33 n·kg~(-1);通过显微鉴定微塑料形态有碎片类、纤维类和薄膜类,以碎片类为主(48. 23%);而颜色主要以彩色为主;粒径以≤1. 00mm为主;聚合物成分主要为聚乙烯(PE)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和聚丙烯(PP).电镜扫描-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)发现,微塑料表面具粗糙、多孔、裂痕和撕裂的特征,并附着多种重金属元素.5种重金属在湿地沉积物中均有不同程度积累,冗余分析表明,沉积物主要理化因素(TOC、pH、EC及粒径)及微塑料赋存对重金属的总含量均有显著影响(P 0. 05);方差分解分析(VPA)显示,理化因素和微塑料对重金属有效态的贡献率分别为37. 70%和0. 70%,但两者的协同贡献率达49. 60%,可导致重金属形态向有效态转化.微塑料可作为重金属的附着载体并将进一步增强重金属污染物的生物有效性,对湿地生态安全构成潜在威胁.     

High-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of high-solids anaerobic mono-digestion of riverbank grass under thermophilic conditions, focusing on the effects of the strength and the amount of inoculum. Ensiled grass was inoculated with three different inocula; inoculum from liquid anaerobic digester (LI), inoculum from dry anaerobic digester (DI), and mixture of LI and DI (MI), at feedstock-to-inoculum ratio (FIR) of 1, 2 and 4. The ensiling process of riverbank grass reduced moisture content (p > 0.05), while the hemicellulose content was significantly increased from 30.88% to 35.15% (p < 0.05), on dry matter basis. The highest methane production was at an FIR of 2 with MI (167 L/kg VS_added), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than with DI, but not significant compared to LI (p > 0.05). At an FIR of 4, digesters inoculated with LI and DI failed to produce methane, whereas 135 L_CH4/kg VS_added was obtained with MI. The kinetic studies showed that at an FIR of 1 with LI and MI, the inoculum had less of effects on the hydrolysis rate constant (0.269 day^− 1 and 0.245 day^− 1) and methane production (135 versus 149 L/kg VS_added); rather, it affected the lag phase. In a thermophilic HS-AD of riverbank grass, the mixture of inoculum with low and high total solids content (TS) helps increase the TS of inoculum and digestion process. An FIR of 2 was deducted to be the limit for a better startup time and higher volumetric productivity of methane.     

城市小区雨水利用的模拟分析

选取天津市某小区,采用美国环保署开发的SWMM模型,模拟得出小区在开发建设前后的区域出口流量过程线和总径流量,分析评价了蓄水池和下凹绿地对小区雨水径流情况的影响。计算满足建设用地外排雨水设计流量不大于开发建设前水平这一条件时,蓄水池的设计体积和下凹绿地的面积以及下凹深度。模拟结果表明,蓄水池和下凹绿地可同时消减洪峰,推...     

Cd^2＋污染对草鱼不同组织中过氧化物酶活性的影响

采用细静水生物测试法研究Cd2＋对草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明,在7 d的试验时间内,低浓度Cd2＋胁迫时,肝胰脏和肾脏组织POD活性随时间变化均呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,而高浓度Cd2＋胁迫时,肝胰脏组织POD活性始终受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,肾脏组织POD活性短时间内被诱导,但随着暴露时间的延长,其受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）;鳃组织在受到Cd2＋污染时POD活性随时间变化呈先升高后降低变化趋势。草鱼鳃组织POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织。     

硫丹对罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的急性毒性研究

为控制虫害农业上大量使用硫丹,因此硫丹可通过多种途径进入水环境中.养殖环境和水产品中已发现硫丹残留,这给养殖环境和食品安全造成潜在威胁.通过半静态试验方法测定了罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度,并估算了其在水环境中的安全浓度.结果表明,罗非鱼和草鱼的半致死浓度分别为1.97(1.26 -2.87) μg·L-1和2.33(1....     

强化浅基质层干植草沟对道路径流的脱氮效果

搭建6个不同结构和介质组成的浅基质层干植草沟模拟柱,在基质层添加较多发酵木屑,利用进水期的脱氮作用,并设置饱水层提高设施落干期脱氮能力,从而强化设施全周期脱氮效果.以半人工道路径流作为进水,考察各模拟柱运行效果,并结合分层取样水质检测结果和模拟柱内体积含水率、ORP的变化过程,分析氮素在不同模拟柱内的去除机制.结果表明:在运行参数相对实际应用环境更为不利的条件下,设置饱水层的模拟柱的TN去除率在67%～78%; TN去除过程主要发生在进水期,且在含较多发酵木屑的基质层即被大量去除;设置饱水层不仅可提高落干期设施脱氮能力,还可保证较浅的基质层在进水期快速达到适宜反硝化的缺氧条件,从而保证进水期设施的脱氮效果;设置持水性过渡层并在其中放置有机质可以有效平衡饱水层碳源补给并控制有机质淋失的问题.     

Evaluation and Optimization of Handle Design Parameters of a Grass Trimming Machine

The grass trimming machine is a widely used agricultural machine for cutting grass by the roadside and in other areas in Malaysia. Hand-arm vibration (HAV) syndrome is very common among workers operating power tools and performing similar work for extended periods. Grass trimming involves the use of a motorized cutter spinning at high speed, resulting in high levels of HAV among its operators. The existing D-shape handle causes HAV-related stress and operational load in operators. This research proposes a new design of a handle of the grass trimming machine. When this new design was compared with the old one, it was found that the new handle resulted in 18% lower HAV. To find the lowest HAV, 3 critical parameters of the new handle (length, angle and material of the cap of the handle) were optimized using the Taguchi quality tool. Appropriately selected parameters of the new handle significantly reduced the occurrence of HAV among grass trimmers.     

三峡库区坡地果园间植草篱的水土保持效应

坡地果园水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以皇竹草篱为纽带间植于坡地果园营建复合生态模式,对草篱拦蓄泥沙、径流的效应进行了长期观测。结果表明：草篱间植的应用能有效减少坡地果园的水土流失,尤以侵蚀量减少更为显著,与传统果园经营模式相比,径流量减少了5871%~6574%,侵蚀量减少了7070%~7792%。同时,草篱间植的应用对减少养分的流失总量效果也相当显著,对减少库区面源污染,保持和提高坡地果园的土地生产力具有重要作用,为三峡库区坡地果园的利用与保护提供了技术与模式支撑。