Biochemical speciation in chromium genotoxicity

The biochemical speciation of chromium compounds in mammalian cells is discussed with respect to uptake, metabolism, DNA binding and damaging. Whereas soluble hexavalent chromium is taken up rapidly and accumulated intracellularly after its reduction, compounds of trivalent chromium penetrate biomembranes about three orders of magnitude slower. Cr(VI) after its uptake is metabolised by electron donating compounds via Cr(V) to Cr(III) compounds. Chromium from various Cr(III) compounds, but not chromate, binds to chromatin in isolated cell nuclei. The DNA‐protein crosslinks and DNA strand breaks observed in rat liver and kidney after chromate administration are also found in vitro, when Cr(III) compounds (but not chromate) interacts with isolated nuclei. In the Chinese Hamster cell HGPRT mutation assay, three out of four tested Cr(III) complexes were found to be mutagenic. In a direct DNA strand break assay with supercoiled bacteriophage PM 2 DNA, neither chromate nor the four Cr(III) compounds tested caused nicks. However, the combined action of chromate plus glutathione as well as the isolated complex of pentavalent chromium, Na₄Cr(glutathione)₄, did cause DNA breaks. Reactive oxygen species are inferred to be the ultimate DNA nicking agents in this assay. In conclusion there appear to be two mechanisms of chromate genotoxicity; one with direct DNA damage caused by Cr(V) species and one via DNA‐protein crosslinks formed with Cr(III), the final reduction state of chromate.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. I. A Laboratory Study of Bioaccumulation of Radium and Six Heavy Metals in an Aquatic Food Chain

Phosphogypsum (PG), a solid by-product of phosphoric acid production, contains radionuclides and trace metals in concentrations which may pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. to investigate the possibility of bioaccumulation of radium and six heavy metals over time when aquatic organisms experience both trophic and environmental exposure to PG, we designed a laboratory experiment representing three levels of an aquatic food chain. During the 135 day experiment, a meiobenthic copepod species (Amphiascoides atopus) was cultured in the presence of PG. the copepods were subsequently fed to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris and P. pugio) which were in turn fed to gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis); both the grass shrimp and the killifish also experienced an environmental PG exposure. Other than elevated radium levels in the experimental grass shrimp, the experiment demonstrated little effect of environmental or trophic exposure to PG on microinvertebrates, macroinvertebrates, or fishes that could be attributed to PG. in all cases where increased concentrations were indicated within the experimental group, roughly equivalent increases in metal concentrations also occurred in the control group.     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium with scrap iron in a fixed bed reactor

The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron was investigated in continuous long-term fixed bed system. The effects of pH, empty bed contact time (EBCT), and initial Cr(VI) concentration on Cr(VI) reduction were studied. The results showed that the pH, EBCT, and initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly affected the reduction capacity of scrap iron. The reduction capacity of scrap iron were 4.56, 1.51, and 0.57 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at pH 3, 5, and 7 (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, EBCT 2 min, and temperature 25°C), 0.51, 1.51, and 2.85 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at EBCTs of 0.5, 2.0, and 6.0 min (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), and 2.99, 1.51, and 1.01 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at influent concentrations of 1, 4, and 8 mg·L^-1 (EBCT 2 min, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), respectively. Fe(total) concentration in the column effluent continuously decreased in time, due to a decrease in time of the iron corrosion rate. The fixed bed reactor can be readily used for the treatment of drinking water containing low amounts of Cr(VI) ions, although the hardness and humic acid in water may shorten the lifetime of the reactor, the reduction capacity of scrap iron still achieved 1.98 mg Cr⁶⁺·g^-1 Fe. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were conducted to examine the surface species of the scrap iron before and after its use. In addition to iron oxides and hydroxide species, iron-chromium complex was also observed on the reacted scrap iron.     

Effects of of V,Cr single and combined stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedling

采用水培法研究了V（Ⅴ）、Cr（Ⅵ）单一及复合胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明,无论单一或复合胁迫,随着V、Cr浓度的增加,小麦幼苗鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势.当V≤5 mg.L-1、Cr≤10 mg.L-1,小麦的鲜重、株高、叶绿素含量均高于对照,当V〉5 mg.L-1、Cr〉10 mg.L-1,则分别比对照降低0.2%—46.8%、0.8%—40.7%和2.5%—76.9%.丙二醛含量随着V、Cr胁迫浓度的增加而增大,与对照相比,含量增加了7.5%—251.6%.在V、Cr单一胁迫下,随着金属浓度增加细胞膜透性增大,比对照增加17.8%—59.8%,根系活力则下降8.1%—53.0%;复合胁迫时细胞膜透性先下降后上升,但始终高于对照,比对照增加了0.6%—126.2%;根系活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,降低6.1%—97.3%.研究表明在低浓度范围,复合胁迫在一定程度上可以缓解单一金属对小麦的毒害,对小麦幼苗生长具有拮抗作用;在高浓度范围两种金属复合胁迫对小麦幼苗的损伤和毒害作用比单一金属伤害更为严重,表现为协同作用.单一胁迫中Cr对小麦幼苗的毒性比V大.     

Biosorption potential of Cr(VI) by Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium isolated from Ramsar,Iran

Heavy metal pollution in soil and wastewater is a worldwide environmental issue in which microorganisms play a significant role for its removal. In the present study, biosorption of Cr(VI) by the live and dead cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107, a radio-resistant bacterium, was investigated. The effect of contact time, solution pH, initial hexavalent chromium concentration and adsorbent dose on biosorption efficiency was studied. Also, live cells were further immobilised on various matrices by different techniques and then were examined for tolerance to chromium biosorption. Experimental results indicated that the removal efficiency of chromium increased with decrease in pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, and also increase in adsorbent dose and the contact time. The maximum removal efficiency of live and dead cells at acidic pH of 4–4.5, contact time of 24 hours, adsorbent dose 1.6?g/100?mL and initial chromium concentration 25?mg/L were 82.4% and 69.2%, respectively. The adsorption data was described well by Langmuir isotherm model. Among all immobilisation techniques tested, cross-linking showed the highest biosorption of Cr(VI). Results indicated that live cells of Kocuria sp. ASB107 were better than dead ones.     

沼渣协同硫酸亚铁修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤

通过稳定化实验、连续提取实验及植物毒性实验,研究了沼渣对硫酸亚铁稳定化Cr （Ⅵ）污染土壤的促进效果与机制.结果表明,沼渣协同硫酸亚铁对土壤中Cr （VI）有良好的稳定化效果.最佳的修复条件为：n（Fe）/n（Cr）=3∶1,含水率为35%,沼渣投加量为4.5%,反应时间为12 d,此时Cr （VI）稳定化效率为99.85%,残余六价铬含量为1.49 mg·kg^-1,满足《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 36600—2018）第二类用地筛选值5.7 mg·kg^-1的限值要求.由连续提取实验结果可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后酸溶态铬含量显著降低,而可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态铬含量明显增加.风险分析进一步表明,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后铬的风险等级由非常高风险降至低风险.植物毒性分析可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理植物毒性显著降低.微生物多样性和群落结构分析可知,沼渣+硫酸亚铁稳定化处理后土壤中细菌群落的丰度和多样性均明显增加.     

土柱淋洗法修复铬污染土壤的水力梯度优化试验

针对重金属污染土壤的修复,淋洗法是一种比较成熟的方式,但目前研究主要聚焦于淋洗剂的选择,而关于水力停留时间对淋洗效果影响的研究相对较少.水力梯度是影响水力停留时间的重要因素,优化水力梯度能够缩短修复周期,降低淋洗成本,有效提高淋洗效率,为现场淋洗修复工程应用提供参考.本文针对人工制备的不同质地的铬污染土壤进行了土柱淋洗试验,探究了土柱淋洗过程中不同水力梯度条件下淋出液的pH值、淋洗液渗流速度和淋洗前后不同类型土壤中Cr（VI）及总Cr含量的变化情况,并根据土壤中Cr（VI）、总Cr去除情况对水力梯度进行了优化,研究结果表明淋洗铬污染土壤的最佳柠檬酸浓度为0.15 mol·L^-1,淋洗铬污染壤土、砂质壤土和砂土的最佳水力梯度分别为7.2、3.6和1.2,总Cr去除率分别达到82.86%、77.27%和82.15%.     

固体废物六价铬分析样品碱消解快速前处理方法

提出一种固体废物六价铬分析样品快速前处理方法,其消解条件、样品分析与现行国家标准方法相同,不同的是,样品消解后,用离心方法替代过滤方法,能实现样品的快速、准确分析。     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4还原机理及酶学性质研究

从宝钢电镀污泥中分离得到1株六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4,在液体LB培养基中培养72　h完全还原2　mmol/L Cr⁶⁺.测定该菌株六价铬还原后细胞内外六价铬和总铬浓度,检测细胞各组分六价铬还原能力,并结合扫描电镜分析六价铬还原前后细胞形态的变化.结果表明,细菌的细胞壁膜能阻止六价铬进入细胞,是六价铬发生还原的主要场所,其通透性的改变将影响六价铬还原酶的作用;该菌株六价铬还原酶为非分泌型,在细菌细胞内侧发生作用.测定六价铬还原酶活性和稳定性：其最适温度范围25～37℃,最适pH 7,Cu2＋有增强六价铬还原酶活性的作用;在37℃,该菌株六价铬还原酶K_m为125.61 μmol/L,V_max为7.68 nmol/(min·mg).