Building Consensus in Environmental Impact Assessment Through Multicriteria Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis

Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) increasingly is being applied in environmental impact assessment (EIA). In this article, two MCDA techniques, stochastic analytic hierarchy process and compromise programming, are combined to ascertain the environmental impacts of and to rank two alternative sites for Mexico City’s new airport. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the probability of changes in rank ordering given uncertainty in the hierarchy structure, decision criteria weights, and decision criteria performances. Results demonstrate that sensitivity analysis is fundamental for attaining consensus among members of interdisciplinary teams and for settling debates in controversial projects. It was concluded that sensitivity analysis is critical for achieving a transparent and technically defensible MCDA implementation in controversial EIA.     

模糊灰色关联法在分析安全投资因素与效益关系中的应用

灰色关联分析法存在分辨系数的选取主观性较大,比较序列曲线空间位置不同以及因素权重归一化而影响关联度,取平均值求关联度影响评价准确性等缺点。笔者采用线性变换及合理判定分辨系数的方法,确定了改进的关联系数,提出了改进的灰色关联分析法。在明确安全投资的基本内涵及构成的基础上,运用该法可计算出来影响安全投资效益因素的灰色关联度,以进行分析,找出企业安全投资合理的方向,从而可以提高企业安全投资的效益。实例分析表明,该法简便实用,可靠准确,对分析安全投资效益影响因素有较好适用性。     

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MULTIPLE‐OBJECTIVE DECISION‐MAKING METHODS FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Making decisions for environmental management is a complex task due to the multiplicity and diversity of technological choices. Furthermore, the exploitation of natural resources and the preservation of the natural environment imply objectives that are often in conflict within a sustainable development paradigm. Managers and other decision makers require techniques to assist them in understanding strategic decision making. This paper illustrates the use of a multiple‐objective decision‐making methodology and an integrative geographical information system‐based decision‐making tool developed to help watershed councils prioritize and evaluate restoration activities at the watershed level. Both were developed through a multidisciplinary approach. The decision‐making tool is being applied in two watersheds of Oregon's Willamette River Basin. The results suggest that multiple‐objective methods can provide a valuable tool in analyzing complex watershed management issues.     

A GAME THEORY APPROACH TO DECIDING WHO WILL SUPPLY INSTREAM FLOW WATER1

ABSTRACT: The resource management problem for the Middle Platte ecosystem is the insufficient water available to meet both instream ecological demands and out‐of‐stream economic needs. This problem of multiple interest groups competing for a limited resource is compounded by sharp disagreement in the scientific community over endangered species' needs for instream flows. In this study, game theory was used to address one dimension of this resource management problem. A sequential auction with repeated bidding was used to determine how much instream flow water each of three states — Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming — will provide and at what price. The results suggest that the use of auction mechanisms can improve the prospects for reaching a multi‐state agreement on who will supply instream flow water, if the auction is structured to discourage misrepresentation of costs and if political compensation is allowed.     

基于图像的火焰锋面法向速度场测量研究

火焰锋面是火焰的重要组成部分,反映了火焰的燃烧特性。针对传统方法测量火焰锋面速度场分辨率较低的问题,提出来了基于图像法测量火焰锋面法向速度场的方法。使用高速相机拍摄了多帧连续图像,提取火焰锋面,通过最小二乘法拟合锋面的切线,从而计算出每个点的法向速度,并进一步分析了火焰振荡的性质。实验表明该方法能够有效测量双瓦楞纸板产生的火焰在不同时刻的速度场,具有高分辨率、全场测量的特点,为其进一步推广提供了实验基础。     

哈尔滨松北区2007年春季可吸入颗粒物PM10的粒度分布及来源分析

通过使用高分辨率扫描电镜和图象分析技术对哈尔滨市松北区春季大气可吸入颗粒物PM10微观形貌和粒度分布进行了分析。初步得出哈尔滨松北区PM10的矿物多以不规则的形式存在,且多是来自扬尘的原生矿物;根据粒度分布特征得知,矿物颗粒的数量-粒度分布非常大;飞灰和烟尘集合体的数量-粒度分布较大,说明它们多以微小细颗粒物的形式存在。     

小气候自记图图像数据采集的数字化处理方法

提出一种用数字图像处理技术(digital image processing,DIP)和算法获取小气候自记图图纸上数据的方法,解决了此类图纸中弧形时间轴变成直角坐标轴的问题,并且提高了数据的获取量,基本方法是利用图象软件Imagetool中的“Point”功能获取小气候自记图图象上的记录曲线上点的像素值,然后通过我们给出的算法转换成相应的数据资料,步骤包括：自记图纸扫描、自记图纸的图像纠偏、事件数字化、时间轴的标准化、温湿度的计算、现场时间的计算、时间和数字化图形一致性生成。同时通过实例比较和分析说明了手工与DIP方法在数据取样密度和表现性能差异上的来源。图4参4。     

密封消解法测定高氯离子含盐废水COD_(Cr)的探讨

针对国标重铬酸钾法测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr时的不足 ,采用密封消解法来测定高盐废水CODCr,通过丁酮氧化率、氯离子干扰、混配水样和实际水样测定结果的比较 ,对国标法和密封消解法进行了验证。试验结果表明 :在测定高氯离子含盐废水CODCr值时 ,密封消解法优于重铬酸钾法 ,能够真实准确地反映废水的CODCr。     

当前基层环境执法存在的问题及解决办法

本文从当前环境执法的现状入手，列举分析了基层环境执法工作中存在的一些问题，提出了解决的办法，并对环境执法相关体制、机制的健全和完善进行了探讨。     

中国地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品综合验证及分析

讨论了2000年02月~2019年08月不同分辨率、算法中等分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品在不同季节、区域、下垫面条件下中国区域的精度和适用性,在像元尺度上对比了重采样降低分辨率后的多角度大气校正（MAIAC）AOD数据与其他产品的精度.研究表明：在同等验证条件下,相较于暗目标算法（DT）、深蓝算法（DB）和暗目标与深蓝结合算法（DTB）,1km MAIAC AOD产品在中国地区与AERONET站点AOD观测数据整体一致性最高,R²达到0.891,均方根误差（RMSE）仅为0.126,超过75%的验证样本落在期望误差线（EE）范围内;同时,该产品受季节、区域和下垫面变化影响也最小,其中秋季R²达到0.917,RMSE为0.111,样本落在EE内的比例达到80.11%.3km DT算法AOD产品在植被覆盖率较大的森林和农田区域优于1km MAIAC AOD产品,在植被覆盖率较小的草地和城市区域则差于1km MAIAC AOD产品,且该产品在不同季节均存在AOD高估问题,其中,夏季高估程度最高（平均相对误差（RMB）=1.622,AOD值高估62.2%）.DB在长三角和珠三角地区存在AOD被低估的现象.DTB算法兼顾了DT算法和DB算法的优缺点,DTB算法AOD产品的相关性一般高于DB算法AOD产品,样本被高估程度一般低于DT算法AOD产品.通过重采样方法降低1km MAIAC AOD产品分辨率后,相同尺度下的MAIAC AOD数据精度优于DT算法、DB算法和DTB算法AOD产品,因此,MAIAC算法更适用于小尺度城市群集中区域的大气环境监测.