采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定水样中镍含量的不确定度评定

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对水样中镍的含量进行测定,分析测量过程中不确定度来源及各不确定度分量对总不确定度的影响,确定测定结果的置信区间。给出本实验室测定水样中镍含量的扩展不确定度为0．062mg／L（k=2）。     

火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中金属锌吸光度高的原因

通过实验发现,由于在消解过程中使用玻璃管移取氢氟酸,导致了玻璃中的锌进入了样品中,给样品的分析带来了干扰,从而导致了分析的失败.     

石化生产装置微量泄漏检测方法及应用

以石化装置为例介绍了生产装置微量泄漏的含义、适用的检测仪器种类以及泄漏检测的具体做法。通过实际检测数据的分析。说明了微量泄漏检测对设备管理、工艺改造的促进作用。     

Experimental study on the competing effect of ceramic pellets on premixed methane-air flame propagation in a duct

It is urgent to explore effective suppression methods for gas fires and explosions to ensure the safe utilizations of combustible gases in industrial processes. In this work, experiments are performed to study the effect of spherical ceramic pellets on premixed methane-air flame propagation in a closed duct. High-speed schlieren photography and pressure transducers are used to record the flame propagation and pressure transient, respectively. Behaviors of the flame propagating through a section of the duct filled with ceramic pellets in mixtures at different equivalence ratios are scrutinized. Three different diameters of pellets are considered in the experiments. The result shows that the flame can be quenched in the case with a smaller pellet diameter (3 mm) for a wide range of equivalence ratios from fuel-lean to fuel-rich mixture. For larger pellet diameter (5 or 10 mm), flame extinction occurs in fuel-rich mixtures (e.g. Φ = 1.1, 1.2). For the cases of flame surviving through the pellets bed, the pellets show a significant influence on the flame structure and behavior. The flame propagation depends on the porosity and the mean void diameter of the porous media in the pellets bed. Small void diameter is beneficial to flame quenching, while large porosity can accelerate the flame propagation. The pressure dynamics evolution is closely related to the interaction of flame with the pellets, and it depends on whether the flame quenches in the pellets bed. Overall, d = 3 mm ceramic pellets display the best suppression effect on flame propagation and pressure buildup in this study. The results of this study are of great significance to guide the safety design of spherical suppression materials in engineering applications for process safety researchers and engineers.     

加氢站用45 MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验模拟*

为研究加氢站用高压储氢容器在火灾下的安全性能,采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法对45 MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验过程进行模拟研究,结合气瓶火烧试验,分析高压储氢容器火灾下的热响应过程,研究不同因素对储氢容器压力泄放装置动作时间的影响。结果表明:613 s以内试验压力与模拟数据的最大相对误差为3.9%,模型误差在可接受范围;不同充装介质对安全泄放装置动作时间影响不大;不同充装压力对容器内介质压升速率影响较大,充装水平较高时压力泄放装置更快动作,较低的充装压力下容器内介质温升较快;不同环境温度对介质温升影响较小。     

成都市土壤中有机磷阻燃剂的污染特征及来源分析

在建立土壤中痕量有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPEs)的GC-MS实验室分析方法基础上,定量分析了成都市主城区表层土壤中7种典型OPEs(磷酸三丁酯(Tn BP)、磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)、磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBEP)、磷酸三苯酯(TPh P)、磷酸三氯乙酯(TCEP)、磷酸三氯丙酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP))的含量及分布特征,采用插值法和聚类分析研究其空间分布,运用相关性分析和正定矩阵因子分解法对土壤中OPEs的来源进行了探析.结果表明,成都市主城区表层土壤中7种OPEs(∑7OPEs)的含量水平在31.6~211 ng·g-1之间,算术平均值为99.9 ng·g-1.所有样品中TBEP均为含量最高的单体,其含量占∑7OPEs总含量的52%~92%.从空间分布来看,成都市西北至东南沿线为OPEs的主要分布带,三环外东北和西南则为OPEs的低值带.聚类分析结果表明,OPEs的谱特征与上述空间分布特征具有一致性,可分为2类地区:第1类地区位于主要分布带,属高值区(∑7OPEs平均值为133.1 ng·g-1),第2类地区位于低值区(∑7OPEs平均值为60.2 ng·g-1).两类地区的谱特征差异主要体现在TCEP与TBEP的百分含量上.相关性研究表明,Tn BP与TCEP之间可能有较强的同源性,TBEP、TPh P、Tn BP三者之间也可能具有较强的同源性,而TEHP与其他种类OPEs可能不具有同源性.正定矩阵因子分解结果表明,OPEs主要来源有2个,不饱和聚酯树脂产品制造业、建筑物装潢/室内源对成都市土壤中OPEs的贡献率分别为43%和57%.     

芦苇酶解对氢气-甲烷联产过程微生物群落演替规律的影响

采用10 mg/g纤维素酶R-10预处理芦苇秸秆,研究了酶解预处理对芦苇厌氧产气潜力的影响,分析了氢气-甲烷联产过程中微生物群落结构演替规律. 结果表明:酶解预处理后,芦苇秸秆在产氢阶段的累积产气量和φ(H₂)分别达到42.5 mL/g和52.1%;在产甲烷阶段,累积产气量稳定上升,最高值可达137.5 mL/g,是对照组产气量的5倍. 由扫描电镜(SEM)观察可知,产氢阶段以短杆状和梭状菌为主,产甲烷阶段以长杆菌为主. PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)分析表明,芦苇在酶解预处理后,其厌氧联产过程中微生物群落呈规律性演替,产氢阶段的优势微生物分别为具有降解纤维素产氢气功能的嗜热纤维素菌Clostridium thermocellum(条带B20)、具有高效产氢潜力的兼性厌氧产气肠杆菌Enterobacter aerogenes(条带B28);在产甲烷阶段,其优势微生物为可利用氢营养途径合成甲烷的产甲烷古菌Methanoculleus bourgensis(条带A3)、Methanoculleus horonobensis(条带A13). 经纤维素酶预处理后,芦苇秸秆厌氧联产的累积产气量、φ(H₂) 提高显著,具有纤维素降解功能的细菌和可利用氢营养途径合成甲烷的古菌为主要优势微生物.      

Development of a PEMFC-based heat and power cogeneration system

Hydrogen-fed proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has to overcome high installation and operation cost before being adopted as a distributed power candidate. Cogeneration of power and heat is a good approach to increase hydrogen energy utilization rate. A PEMFC-based power and heat cogeneration system is proposed and established in the current study to investigate system’s technological and economical feasibility. This cogeneration of heat and power (CHP) system composes of a 2.5-kW fuel cell stack, hydrogen supply system, air supply system, water and heat management system, and heat recovery system. The control strategies to automate the system operation are realized by a programmable automation controller (PAC) system. Detailed measurement of the system is also constructed along with a web-based human–machine interface (HMI) platform to facilitate experiments and demonstration. Preliminary testing of the CHP system shows good performance of heat and power outputs. System’s electrical power conversion efficiency and thermal efficiency of the CHP system are measured at 38% and 35%, respectively. System combined efficiency therefore reached about 73%.     

Pd/Al2O3粒子电极电催化还原BrO3-的研究

针对常规方法难以去除水中Br_3~-的问题,采用浸渍煅烧法制备了负载型纳米Pd/Al_2O_3粒子电极,研究了该电极电催化还原Br O-3的效果.催化剂的结构表征表明该反应实现了Pd纳米晶的均匀负载,纳米Pd/Al_2O_3具有较高的电催化活性和较低的能耗,其最佳反应条件为3%Pd负载量,0.9 m A·cm-2电流密度和1 g·L催化剂投量,酸性条件可促进Br O-3的直接或间接还原.ESR检测证实了Pd的负载增强了反应体系活性物种[H]的生成,进而促进了Br O-3的间接电催化还原.     

翻堆频率对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

为研究厨余垃圾堆肥过程中翻堆频率对H2S和NH3排放的影响,以大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,玉米秸秆为调理剂,设置4组翻堆频率不同的处理(每周2次,2周1次,2周1次和不翻堆)进行对比研究。结果表明:翻堆频率的变化对H2S的排放影响不大,对NH3的排放有显著的影响,翻堆频率过高会增加NH3的累积排放量,翻堆频率过低虽然能降低NH3的累积排放量,但会影响到堆肥产物的腐熟。综合厨余垃圾堆肥的无害化指标、H2S和NH3的排放以及最终堆肥产品的毒性检验,在实验条件下,翻堆频率设为每周1次在堆料腐熟的基础上对H2S和NH3减排效果最好。