高效液相色谱法测定稻田中氰氟草酯

分别对长沙、杭州、长春3处试验田实施氰氟草酯10%水乳剂在稻田环境中的消解动态与最终残留量试验,样品前处理后用高效液相色谱法测定。该方法在5.00μg/L~5 000μg/L范围内线性良好,稻田水方法检出限为0.01 mg/L,土壤、植株、稻米和稻壳检出限为0.05 mg/kg~0.07 mg/kg,加标回收率为78.4%~109%,5次试验结果的RSD为1.6%~7.0%。氰氟草酯10%水乳剂在田水、土壤及水稻植株中的半衰期t1/230 d,属于易消解农药。农药推荐使用剂量下(1 050 g/hm2),3处试验田收获的稻米最终残留量均为未检出。     

膜界面探测器在工业污染场地调查中的应用

膜界面探测器是一项采用直接推进技术,可实时提供场地地下挥发性有机物近乎连续分布信息的直接感测工具。以某历史上从事有机氯农药生产的废弃工业场地为例,运用该技术,配置土壤电导率传感器、电子捕获检测器以及氢火焰离子化检测器,对该场地中潜在污染区域进行快速筛选调查,初步确定了土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物污染的热点区域及其三维分布和地层信息,为后续进一步调查方案优化、场地概念模型建立及后续修复方案设计等提供了重要的信息。     

给水加氧处理在超超临界1000MW机组的应用

徐州电厂超超临界1000MW机组投产后及时采用了给水加氧处理技术，介绍了1号机组给水加氧转换过程、水汽指标的变化情况。加氧处理技术实施后水汽系统含铁量显著降低，精处理混床运行周期延长，加药量减少，效果显著，提高了机组运行的经济性和安全性。     

基于电阻率法的垃圾渗滤液渗漏及迁移规律动态监测技术探讨

为探讨垃圾渗滤液侵入地下介质的动态变化过程,引入基于电阻率法原理的地球物理探测手段,开展室内和室外渗滤液污染扩散的动态监测试验。结果表明,渗滤液在土壤中的扩散过程会引起不同时期视电阻率低阻异常区的动态变化,且变化幅度和污染程度存在一定量化关系,基于此特征可确定渗漏点和渗滤液扩散区的污染范围、程度及趋势。     

镇江地区土壤样品中重金属Cd含量与空间分布

通过对镇江地区土壤样品中 Cd 监测结果统计分析表明，全市69个样品中 Cd 质量比范围为0．06 mg/kg ～1．37 mg/kg，均值为0．23 mg/kg，与全国背景值相比，有一定程度富集；样品中 Cd 质量比成偏态分布，相对标准偏差较大。选用单项污染指数法对 Cd污染程度评价表明，镇江地区83％的土壤样品未受到 Cd 污染，14％为轻度污染，3％为中度污染。结合镇江地区的产业结构分析，电镀行业是土壤 Cd 污染的主要来源，道路运输、农药化肥在一定程度上也加重了污染。     

Kinetics of Aerobic Polymer Degradation in Soil by Means of the ASTM D 5988-96 Standard Method

The standard test method ASTM D 5988-96 for determining the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in contact with soil was applied to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(-caprolactone). The method proved to be reliable and supplied reproducible measurements of CO₂ production, provided potassium (instead of barium) hydroxide was used as a trapping solution. The trends of CO₂ evolution, as a function of time, observed for the degradation of polymer powders in soil are similar to those predicted by simple first order kinetics in solution. The experimental data are described by a Michaelis–Menten type model, which accounts for the heterogeneity of the polymer-soil system. The kinetic equation deduced predicts the degradation rate to the proportional to the exposed polymer surface area.     

Relation of enhanced Pb solubility to Fe partitioning in soils

It is well documented that Pb solubility may be related to Fe chemistry in soils and enhanced Pb solubility may occur under certain reducing conditions; however, quantification of such relationships is unavailable. Based on metal classification, Pb (II) and Fe (II) are similar in some chemical characteristics. Thus, competition between Pb and Fe for ligands in soils may be important in determining Pb solubility. In this paper, Pb solubility was examined in a sandy soil after spiking with Pb and incubating for 40 days under water-flooded or non-water-flooded conditions. Solution chemistry in soil columns was adjusted using different concentrations of NaCl, CaCl(2) and deionized water of varying pH before incubation. The results showed that Pb solubility in the soil was not correlated well with pH, dissolved organic C or aqueous Fe concentrations. However, an index of Fe partition behavior using the ratio of aqueous Fe to sorbed Fe was related to Pb solubility. Enhanced Pb solubility occurred only when the index was < approximately 2 kg l(-1). The index can be a simple measure of Fe's ability to compete with Pb for ligands in solution. The ability of Fe to compete with Pb decreases as the index decreases and as the ratio approached its minimum, substantial increases in Pb solubility will be expected. In general, the index was not sensitive to changes in solution chemistry. A similar trend was observed using one data set published in the literature.     

GM（1， 1）正弦模型修补气温监测缺失数据的探讨

目的建立预测精度较好的大气温度监测缺失数据修补的方法和模型。方法采用正弦函数对GM(1,1)标准模型进行修正,建立分段的GM(1,1)正弦修正模型对缺失数据进行修补。以万宁试验站某天监测的温度日记时值数据为试验数据,同时建立GM(1,1)标准模型、GM(1,1)时序修正模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型,对比分析各模型的修补误差,确立较好的修补模型。结果从模型的拟合效果分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型的拟合性最好,GM(1,1)时序修正模型的拟合性相对较差一些;从预测精度上分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)时序修正模型预测修补效果差,平均相对误差分别达到22.54%和17.70%,而GM(1,1)正弦修正模型预测修补的平均误差仅为3.14%,得到了较大的改进,预测效果好。结论正弦修正模型能很好地修补缺失数据,其修补效果比时序修正模型和标准模型都要好。     

Pollution survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of Hangzhou, China

The concentrations of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously measured for five times (July and November 1999–2002) in four water bodies of Hangzhou, China. To investigate possible sources of PAH contamination, sediments, soils, runoff water and atmospheric particles of the region were also analyzed for their PAH contents. The maximum levels of PAHs in the water bodies (34.4–67.7 μg/l) were found in July, while significantly lower PAH concentrations (4.7–15.3 μg/l) were measured in November. The contamination is substantial and it may have resulted in acute toxic effects on aquatic organisms. The measured PAH concentrations in sediments and soils (224–4222 ng/g), runoff water (8.3 μg/l) and air particles (2.3 μg/m³) are discussed in relation to concentrations and patterns found in the surface water bodies. Comparison of PAH levels in sediments and soils led to the conclusion that the erosion of soil material does not contribute significantly to the contamination of sediments. The atmospheric PAH deposition to water bodies in the city area of Hangzhou was estimated to be 530 tons/a, while the contribution of surface runoff water was estimated to be 30.7 tons/a. The ratios of selected PAH were then used to illuminate the possible origin of PAHs in the examined samples (petrogenic, pyrogenic).     

Analysis of dioxin-like compounds in vegetation and soil samples burned in Catalan forest fires. Comparison with the corresponding unburned material

Only a few data are reported about the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) in forest fires. However, the inventories of sources undertaken by several European and American countries consider natural fires as a possible source of PCDD/F and, in some cases, as one of the most important. In our work we have analysed vegetation and soil samples burned in four forest fires which happened in Catalonia in the summer of 1998. The concentration of dioxin-like compounds (PCDD/F, non-ortho polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCB) and mono-ortho PCB) has been compared to the concentration present in the corresponding unburned material collected in places near the fires but not affected. The results of this preliminary study show very low concentrations in all the samples, both burned and unburned. Although a change in the profile (proportional increase of tetrachlorinated congeners in PCDD/F) is observed in burned samples compared to unburned ones, the absolute values of concentration decrease in most samples. Therefore, natural fires seem not to be an important source of dioxin-like compounds. These results will be confirmed with air emissions measurements in future studies.