Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear

Human-mediated dispersal has rarely been considered in wetland conservation strategies at regional scales, yet high concern exists about this aspect for (inter-)national management considering invasive species in other aquatic systems. In this context, we aim at understanding the role of human-mediated dispersal by footwear in protected wetlands with high conservation value. Zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled in 13 shallow lakes in central Spain and, at the same time, mud attached to waders was collected and later cultured in deionized water under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks. Two-hundred and four individuals belonging to 19 invertebrate taxa were recovered after hatching; Ostracoda (84 %), Cladocera (53 %), Copepoda (30 %), Anostraca (30 %), and Notostraca (7 %) were the most frequent groups among the hatched crustaceans. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses showed significant differences between the dispersed (via footwear) and the source active metacommunity, suggesting different dispersal abilities among the species found. Human vectors facilitate dispersal among protected lakes, which could eventuality lead to biotic homogenization and faster spread of non-indigenous species. Preservation strategies and education campaigns associated to target humans in close contact with water bodies should be imperative in conservation management of protected lakes.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0689-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

美国湖泊调查评价技术及对我国湖泊生态环境管理的启示

自2006年起,美国环保署(EPA)在美国本土开展了两次湖泊生态状况调查和评估,从营养状态、生物健康和休闲娱乐的关键指标开展评估,旨在摸清美国湖泊生态环境现状和影响湖泊生态健康的关键胁迫因子。EPA逐步形成了涵盖水文、水质、水生生物等多重指标在内的湖泊调查评估体系,该体系已成为美国湖泊环境管理系统的重要组成部分,为湖泊环境保护和水生态系统恢复提供了有力支持。本文从清单建立、重点调查湖泊清单筛选、采样布点、监测指标、评估方法等方面系统研究总结美国湖泊调查评估的关键技术方法体系,以期为我国湖泊生态环境保护和环境管理工作提供借鉴。     

基于湖北省12个中小型湖泊的水环境遥感监测应用示范

以《湖北省水环境遥感监测示范系统》为数据处理平台,对2012—2014年湖北省大东湖水网、梁子湖水系和汤逊湖水系共计12个湖泊的水质类别以及营养状态级别进行遥感监测,并对比实测数据进行精度评价。结果表明:遥感监测的梁子湖、豹澥湖和严西湖水质相对较好,杨春湖、北湖和南湖水质相对较差且富营养化状况较为严重。该系统能很好地实现对水质优良达标湖泊以及富营养化湖泊的识别。对示范区域各湖泊水质类别和营养状态级别的遥感监测,基本上能满足业务化运行的需求。个别湖泊遥感监测精度较低,主要表现为遥感监测的湖泊水质类别和营养状态级别均要优于实测的结果。系统对于面积相对较大的湖泊遥感监测精度更高。     

北京市水生态监测评价方法构建及应用

根据北京市多年水生态监测的经验，确立了典型地表水体水生态监测的水文地貌、理化指标和生物要素。其中，生物要素评价因子主要包括浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物。并依据2014年监测结果进行了分析评价，将水生态状态等级分为5级。评价结果表明：北京市典型地表水体水生态状态综合评价结果中处于"中等"级别的监测断面数量为7个，占监测总数的41.2%，生物要素对最终评价结果影响略大。     

“十一五”期间新疆湖库水质变化趋势及原因分析

通过对新疆湖库“十一五”期间水质变化趋势的分析,结合五年间地方政府采取的综合污染防治措施,分析了水质变化的原因,并提出相应对策建议,以便更好地推进新疆湖库水污染防治工作。     

亚高山湖群中真菌群落的分布格局和多样性维持机制

真菌群落的组成和多样性对维持亚高山湖泊生态系统平衡具有重要影响.本文以包括琵琶海(PPH,0、2和4 m)、马营海(MYH,0、2、4和6 m)和公海(GH,0、2、4、6和8 m)在内的亚高山湖群中不同深度的水生真菌群落为研究对象,通过高通量测序的方法探究真菌群落的分布格局和多样性维持机制(确定性过程VS随机过程).结果表明,不同湖泊水质差异明显,GH中p H、电导率、铵态氮、总碳和无机碳含量均显著高于其他两者.真菌群落主要由子囊菌门(Ascomycota,0. 82%～21. 05%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 1. 26%～11. 79%)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota, 0. 42%～4. 26%)和隐真菌门(Rozellomycota,0. 11%～0. 33%)等组成.囊担子菌纲(Cystobasidiomycetes)、座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)、壶菌纲(Chytridiomycetes)和粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes)为所有湖泊共有.不同湖泊真菌群落的α-多样性和优势类群差异显著(P 0. 05),而在每个湖内不同深度之间没有显著的差异.相似性分析结果表明,不同湖之间真菌群落的β-多样性明显不同(r=0. 99,P 0. 01),同时MYH(r=0. 98,P 0. 01)和GH(r=0. 25,P 0. 05)不同深度真菌群落的β-多样性也差异明显,但是PPH(r=0. 23,P 0. 05)不同深度真菌群落的β-多样性没有显著的差异.冗余分析和方差分解分析结果表明,在小区域范围内(3个湖之间)以及局域范围内(MYH不同深度)真菌群落的β-多样性格局是环境选择和扩散限制共同影响的结果,但是环境选择的相对作用更强,其中水体p H、溶解氧、总碳和电导率是主要的影响因子.零模型分析结果表明,种间相互作用驱动了GH中真菌群落β-多样性格局的维持.总之,亚高山湖群中真菌群落的β-多样性格局主要是由确定性过程驱动的.     

受污染湖泊的生态修复

分析我国湖泊水体的水质现状及其污染成因，从外源性污染物质和内源性污染物质两个方面。详细阐述具体的生态修复措施，结合工程实例，介绍其应用效果及优缺点。     

Modeling the Fate and Transport of Plunging Inflows to Onondaga Lake

The transport and fate of two plunging tributaries, Onondaga and Ninemile Creeks, in Onondaga Lake, New York, are quantified based on application of hydrodynamic/transport models. Short‐term transport is simulated with a three‐dimensional Estuary Lake and Coastal Ocean Model (ELCOM), while the longer term fate is represented by a previously validated one‐dimensional model (UFILS4). The validation of ELCOM for the vertical distribution of tributary inflow into the lake's water column is demonstrated for four dye tracer experiments. The models are applied for three years to represent the dynamics of transport and fate for the two tributaries, with ELCOM predictions serving as input for UFILS4. The models together quantify the distribution of these inflows between the upper mixed layer (UML) and stratified depths, and the subsequent transport from stratified depths to the UML by vertical mixing. Substantial short‐term variations are predicted for both tributaries in response to variability in hydrology and weather. Increased inflow to the UML is predicted for high runoff periods. The fraction of Ninemile Creek's inflow directly entering the UML is predicted to be 50% greater than for Onondaga Creek due to Ninemile's lower negative buoyancy. The plunging phenomenon has important water quality implications, by reducing the effective loading to the UML, particularly for constituents with large rates of loss/transformation relative to the rate of vertical transport from stratified depths.     

Geospatial and Temporal Analysis of a 20‐Year Record of Landsat‐Based Water Clarity in Minnesota's 10,000 Lakes

A large 20‐year database on water clarity for all Minnesota lakes ≥8 ha was analyzed statistically for spatial distributions, temporal trends, and relationships with in‐lake and watershed factors that potentially affect lake clarity. The database includes Landsat‐based water clarity estimates expressed in terms of Secchi depth (SD_Landsat), an integrative measure of water quality, for more than 10,500 lakes for time periods centered around 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. Minnesota lake clarity is lower (more turbid) in the south and southwest and clearer in the north and northeast; this pattern is evident at the levels of individual lakes and ecoregions. Temporal trends in clarity were detected in ~11% of the lakes: 4.6% had improving clarity and 6.2% had decreasing clarity. Ecoregions in southern and western Minnesota, where agriculture is the predominant land use, had higher percentages of lakes with decreasing clarity than the rest of the state, and small and shallow lakes had higher percentages of decreasing clarity trends than large and deep lakes. The mean SD_Landsat statewide remained stable from 1985 to 2005 but decreased in ecoregions dominated by agricultural land use. Deep lakes had higher clarity than shallow lakes statewide and for lakes grouped by land cover. SD_Landsat decreased as the percentage of agriculture and/or urban area increased at county and catchment levels and it increased with increasing forested land.     

江汉平原四湖地区生态环境综合评价

四湖地区是江汉平原的中心地带,也是国家和湖北省重要农业生产基地。这里自然资源丰富,地理条件复杂,生态问题众多,生态环境问题已经成为这一地区农业发展的制约因素。通过对四湖地区生态环境进行综合评价,遵循自然和经济的发展规律,提出了调整四湖地区的生态结构和进行环境整治的途径。