Conversion Margins for the Major Uses of Agricultural Land and Their Variations in Shandong Province, China

It is of practical significance for the decision-making on country food security and farmland protection to analyze the conversion margins for the major uses of agricultural land and their variations. Based on the panel data of wheat, corn, vegetable, fruit, and forests productions from 520 investigated farmer households of 13 investigated villages in Shandong Province from 2003 to 2009, and using Cobb-Douglas production function, the revenue conversion margins can be obtained separately, between different grain-crops (wheat, corn) and different non-grain crops (vegetable, fruit, forests), and the conversion relationship between growing grain( wheat, corn) and going out for non-farm work. The results show that from 2003 to 2009, growing wheat and corn are more economically and reasonably for farmers, compared with growing vegetable, but growing wheat and corn are becoming less economically and less reasonably day by day, compared with planting forests. Moreover, the conversion margin between wheat and fruit shows obvious scissors difference. Just from 2007, farmers’ growing fruit became economically and reasonably, but until 2009, compared with going out to work after abandoning farm8land, growing wheat had no economic rationality. From 2003 to 2009, farmers’ growing corn is more profitable than growing fruit and going out for non-farm work after abandoning farmland. The subsidies for wheat and corn have increased farmers’ comparative income from food production remarkably, but the subsidies cannot change the general tendency that farmers transform food (wheat, corn) production into non-food (especially forests) production. The revenue difference between growing wheat, corn and vegetable and growing fruit and forests is being pulled ceaselessly bigger, and the tendency that farmers transform wheat, corn and vegetable growing lands into fruit and forests growing lands has become increasingly apparent.     

Measuring eddy covariance fluxes of ozone with a slow-response analyser

Ozone (O₃) fluxes above a temperate mountain grassland were measured by means of the eddy covariance (EC) method using a slow-response O₃ analyser. The resultant flux loss was corrected for by a series of transfer functions which model the various sources of high- and, in particular, low-pass filtering. The resulting correction factors varied on average between 1.7 and 3.5 during night and daytime, respectively. A cospectral analysis confirmed the accuracy of this approach. O₃ fluxes were characterised by a comparatively large random uncertainty, which during daytime typically amounted to 60%. EC O₃ fluxes were compared against O₃ flux measurements made concurrently with the flux-gradient (FG) method. The two methods generally agreed well, except for a period between sunrise and early afternoon, when the FG method was suspected of being affected by the presence of photochemical sources/sinks. O₃ flux magnitudes and deposition velocities determined with the EC method compared nicely with the available literature from grassland studies. We conclude that our understanding of the causes and consequences of various sources of flux loss (associated with any EC system) has sufficiently matured so that also less-than-ideal instrumentation may be used in EC flux applications, albeit at the cost of relatively large empirical corrections.     

拉市海流域胁迫因子及其影响

拉市海流域位于云南丽江市玉龙县境内，其内的拉市海湿地是我国重要的高原湿地之一。拉市海湿地在调节气候、提供水源和提供珍稀物种栖息地等方面发挥着重要生态作用。分析了拉市海流域的主要胁迫因子：气候、农业活动、火烧、围堰及其它水利工程。在这些胁迫因子综合作用下，拉市海湿地生态系统的结构与功能发生了明显的变化。目前，拉市海湿地水域部分，出现“孤岛化”现象，湿地生物多样性剧减，湿地生态功能显著下降。在分析胁迫因子及其影响下，提出目前应尽快拆除围堰，注重湿地保护和合理利用，建立区域生态补偿机制的策略。     

Prenatal evaluation of fetal renal function based on serum beta2-microglobulin assessment

The relationship between fetal renal function (FRF) and fetal serum beta₂-microglobulin (B2MG) was investigated by comparing its value in 112 unaffected fetuses with that of 23 fetuses presenting with urinary tract malformations (UTM). Fetal serum level of B2MG was totally unrelated to gestational age; its value increased in cases of severe impairment of FRF but was similar to controls in all mild uropathies (p<0.05). Evaluating serum B2MG could be beneficial in fetuses with severe renal damage, but is of no use in unilateral UTM since only the global FRF is tested and not the function of each single kidney. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

耕地生态经济系统集约度的测算

农业生产中生物、工程等科学技术间的相互作用的耕地生态经济系统是人们参与控制的自然与生物间物质与能量交换的主要载体 ,它也是自然再生产和经济再生产有机结合及其与自然条件相互联系、相互协调的有机整体。科学的评价该系统的集约化程度是耕地、劳动力和资金等资源优化配置以及耕地保护有关政策的关键内容 ,将为土地集约利用是实现经济增长方式根本转变提供科学依据。根据耕地生态经济系统的经济增长特点 ,利用耕地生态经济系统的全要素生产函数 ,导出以科学相关的资源生产率为基础的耕地经营的集约度和以资源数量变化相关粗放度的测算方法 ,在此基础上建立了耕地生态经济系统经营模式评价模型。并对江西临川耕地生态经济系统集约经营模式分析和验证。     

我国部分城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

主要研究中国大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况,对多环芳烃的浓度水平、时间和空间分布、组成及在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征进行了综述.北方城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度普遍高于南方城市.大气颗粒物中多环芳烃以4～6环为主,占多环芳烃总量的60％～ 80％.大多数多环芳烃分布于细粒子中,且多环芳烃在PM2.5中的分布占在PM1o中分布的70％以上.多环芳烃质量浓度有明显的季节变化特征,多数研究中多环芳烃浓度从高到低的季节变化规律为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季.不同功能区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染,城区高于郊区,交通区和工业区高于商业区、居住区和文化区.     

基于生态服务功能的土地利用结构分析——以福州市为例

为了区域的土地可持续利用和人地关系的和谐,以福州市为例,利用1993、2004和2009年土地利用变更调查数据,在Shannon信息熵公式的基础上,提出以土地生态系统服务功能价值指标代替面积指标计算土地利用结构信息熵,对土地利用功能结构进行分析.结果表明:福州市在1993、2004和2009年土地生态服务功能结构信息熵逐渐降低;各县市(区)的土地生态服务功能结构信息熵表现出明显的空间异质性特征,其中近郊区属于信息熵高值区,而中心区和远郊区属于信息熵中值区;各土地利用类型的生态服务空间结构信息熵也有较明显的差异,且随时间变化规律不明显;Pearson相关分析表明,林地、水域、耕地和建设用地是影响福州市土地生态系统服务功能结构信息熵的主要因素.研究表明,提出的土地生态服务功能结构信息熵不但能反映土地利用结构特征,而且能够反映土地的生态服务功能特征.     

卤代苯化合物水溶解度及正辛醇/水分配系数的三维构效关系研究

对卤代苯化合物的水溶解度(-lg Sw)和正辛醇/水分配系数(lg Kow)分别进行了基于三维结构的比较分子场(Co MFA)和比较分子相似性指数(Co MSIA)分析,建立了三维定量结构-性质相关(3D-QSPR)模型,并将所获结果与密度泛函理论(DFT)方法得到的2D-QSPR模型进行了比较.结果表明:-lg Sw的Co MFA和Co MSIA模型交叉验证相关系数Q2分别为0.902和0.940,决定系数R2分别为0.982和0.986,模型稳定性和估算能力较好;lg Kow的Co MFA和Co MSIA模型Q2分别为0.926和0.988,R2分别为0.983和0.997;本研究所建的3D-QSPR模型的估算能力优于2D-QSPR模型;Co MFA和Co MSIA模型三维等势图表明,取代基的疏水效应对该类化合物的水溶解性能及正辛醇/水分配系数的影响更为显著,立体效应次之,静电场效应影响较小.     

生态用地分类初步研究

中国现有的土地利用分类体系对土地的生态属性考虑不足,导致生态用地分类缺乏统一的标准,生态用地难以得到有效保护。基于此,该文尝试对生态用地分类体系进行初步研究,以期为生态用地的科学管护,国土空间格局的优化和生态文明建设的推进提供科技支撑。在总结借鉴国内外学者有关生态用地研究成果的基础上,首先对生态用地概念进行了界定,在剔除《第二次全国土地调查技术规程-土地利用现状分类》中的非生态用地基础上,采用“逆向递推”方法将生态用地合并归类：根据生态用地的概念、内涵和划分依据,将剔除非生态用地后的土地利用现状分类中的二级地类归为35个生态用地三级地类;根据人类活动对生态用地影响范围和程度的不同而导致发挥的生态功能强弱的差异,将生态用地三级地类合并归类为14个二级地类;基于“人类活动-生态用地”影响反馈机理,将生态用地分为原生生态用地、半人工生态用地和人工生态用地3个一级地类。随后,为使生态用地分类系统在生态用地管理与生态建设实践中发挥应有的作用,将土地利用现状分类与生态用地分类实现了有效衔接。最后,作者建议借鉴国内外对于生态系统服务功能的相关研究,考虑从生态系统服务价值等视角来建立相关定量化的系统科学的生态用地分类体系。     

森林改善空气环境质量功能监测与评价研究

为全面了解森林内部属性与森林改善空气环境功能之间的内在关系与规律,以及不同森林在改善空气环境质量方面的能力强弱,以中国林业科学研究院热带林业试验中心为研究对象,于2014年7─8月按照2 km×2 km网格间距进行系统抽样,设置51个样地对森林空气温度、湿度、负氧离子含量等空气环境状况指标及林分特征因子进行了监测,并对林分类型、发展阶段、郁闭度等林分因子与森林空气温度、湿度、负氧离子含量之间的关系进行了分析。采用温湿指数、安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气负氧离子评价模型对不同类型森林的空气环境质量进行了评价。结果表明：1）森林改善空气环境质量功能主要与其林分类型、发展阶段、林分郁闭度有关;2）在调节空气温湿度,改善空气环境舒适度方面,针叶混交林最强,然后依次为针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、针叶纯林、阔叶纯林、灌木林,以未成林最弱。在吸附污染物、净化空气方面,针阔混交林最强,然后依次为阔叶混交林、阔叶纯林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、灌木林,以未成林最弱;3）不同发展阶段的林分在改善空气环境舒适度方面的差异不明显,但随着林分发展阶段的深入,森林的结构越来越复杂,森林净化空气的能力也逐渐增强;4）森林在调节空气温湿度,改善空气环境舒适度等方面的功能随郁闭度的增加而增强,当郁闭度大于0.4时,森林改善空气环境舒适度的功能显著增强。郁闭度在0.4~0.7之间的林分净化空气的功能较强,尤以郁闭度为0.5时最强,当林分郁闭度低于0.4或高于0.7以后,林分净化空气的功能均有所降低;5）总体来说混交林改善空气环境质量的功能要显著强于纯林。研究结果对于经营单位如何通过林分状态的调控来增强森林的空气环境改善功能具有重要指导意义。