GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》分析

研究了GEIA-STD-0009《系统设计、研制和制造可靠性大纲标准》的制定背景,分析了该标准的制定过程,主要介绍了该标准4个可靠性目标及信息流,简述了每个目标的6个组成部分,详细阐述了13项规范性可靠性活动.     

Photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanism of pentachlorophenol based on superoxide radicals

Pentachlorophenol could be photocatalytically reduced with superoxide radicals in aqueous solution under simulated sunlight irradiation.     

Application of a green coagulant with PACl in efficient purification of turbid water and its mechanism study

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.     

Flame propagation mechanisms in dust explosions

To reveal the effects of particle characteristics, including particle thermal characteristics and size distributions, on flame propagation mechanisms during dust explosions clearly, the flame structures of dust clouds formed by different materials and particle size distributions were recorded using an approach combining high-speed photography and a band-pass filter. Two obviously different flame propagation mechanisms were observed in the experiments: kinetics-controlled regime and devolatilization-controlled regime. Kinetics-controlled regime was characterized by a regular shape and spatially continuous combustion zone structure, which was similar to the premixed gas explosions. On the contrary, devolatilization-controlled regime was characterized by a complicated structure that exhibited heterogeneous combustion characteristics, discrete blue luminous spots appeared surrounding the yellow luminous zone. It was also demonstrated experimentally that the flame propagation mechanisms transited from kinetics-controlled to devolatilization-controlled while decreasing the volatility of the materials or increasing the size of the particles. Damköhler number was defined as the ratio of the heating and devolatilization characteristic time to the combustion reaction characteristic time, to reflect the transition of flame propagation mechanisms in dust explosions. It was found that the kinetics-controlled regime and devolatilization-controlled regime can be categorized by whether Damköhler number was less than 1 or larger than 1.     

Assessment of Bilateral Thoracic Loading on the Near-Side Occupant Due to Occupant-to-Occupant Interaction in Vehicle Crash Tests

Objective: This study aims, by means of the WorldSID 50th percentile male, to evaluate thoracic loading and injury risk to the near-side occupant due to occupant-to-occupant interaction in combination with loading from an intruding structure.

Method: Nine vehicle crash tests were performed with a 50th percentile WorldSID male dummy in the near-side (adjacent to the intruding structure) seat and a THOR or ES2 dummy in the far-side (opposite the intruding structure) seat. The near-side seated WorldSID was equipped with 6 + 6 IR-Traccs (LH and RH) in the thorax/abdomen enabling measurement of bilateral deflection. To differentiate deflection caused by the intrusion, and the deflection caused by the neighboring occupant, time history curves were analyzed. The crash tests were performed with different modern vehicles, equipped with thorax side airbags and inflatable curtains, ranging from a compact car to a large sedan, and in different loading conditions such as car-to-car, barrier, and pole tests. Lateral delta V based on vehicle tunnel acceleration and maximum residual intrusion at occupant position were used as a measurement of crash severity to compare injury measurements.

Result: In the 9 vehicle crash tests, thoracic loading, induced by the intruding structure as well as from the far-side occupant, varied due to the size and structural performance of the car as well as the severity of the crash. Peak deflection on the thoracic outboard side occurred during the first 50 ms of the event. Between 70 to 150 ms loading induced by the neighboring occupant occurred and resulted in an inboard-side peak deflection and viscous criterion. In the tests where the target vehicle lateral delta V was below 30 km/h and intrusion less than 200 mm, deflections were low on both the outboard (20–40 mm) and inboard side (10–15 mm). At higher crash severities, delta V 35 km/h and above as well as intrusions larger than 350 mm, the inboard deflections (caused by interaction to the far-side occupant) were of the same magnitude or even higher (30–70 mm) than the outboard deflections (30–50 mm).

Conclusion: A WorldSID 50th percentile male equipped with bilateral IR-Traccs can detect loading to the thorax from a neighboring occupant making injury risk assessment feasible for this type of loading. At crash severities resulting in a delta V above 35 km/h and intrusions larger than 350 mm, both the inboard deflection and VC resulted in high risks of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injury, especially for a senior occupant.     

威远县地质灾害发育规律及成因分析

威远县地质灾害活动频繁,崩塌和滑坡等地质灾害分布广泛。通过对威远县地质灾害分布特征的研究发现,研究区地质灾害点多,但其分布具有一定的区域性,主要分布在低山区。针对这一特性,以威远构造特征为背景,结合区域地质灾害调查资料,分析地质灾害发育的影响,得出背斜构造不仅为地质灾害的发生提供构造条件,而且控制着研究区内的地貌格局,地层岩性是决定地质灾害发育的物质基础。通过本次研究将进一步了解该区地质灾害发育规律及形成原因,对该区地质灾害防治工作提供理论指导。     

聚马来酸酐树脂的制备及其对水中环丙沙星的吸附行为和机制

通过沉淀聚合法合成聚马来酸酐树脂（Polymaleic Anhydride Resin,PMA）,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）、比表面分析（BET）和热重（TG）分析对PMA进行了表征.同时,利用PMA对水中环丙沙星（CPX）进行吸附去除,系统研究了原料配比、PMA投加量、pH、离子强度和温度等因素对CPX吸附性能的影响.结果表明,pH在2.0~5.0范围内,PMA对CPX的去除效果随着溶液pH的增加而快速升高,在5.0~10.0之间呈小幅下降趋势;离子强度的存在对PMA去除CPX的行为总体上表现为抑制作用;PMA对水中CPX的吸附动力学过程符合拟二级动力学模型;Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地描述PMA对水中CPX的吸附过程,理论最大吸附量为77.06 mg·g^-1（pH=5.0、25℃）;吸附热力学分析表明,PMA对水中CPX的吸附是自发吸热的过程,属于物理吸附;吸附再生实验表明,0.2 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液是PMA的优选洗脱液,经过5次吸附-脱附循环后,对CPX仍具有稳定的吸附性能,可多次循环使用;最后,利用化学计算从微观上明确PMA的羰基O与CPX的羧基H的氢键对吸附起主要作用,而静电引力对吸附性能影响很小.     

强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中自由基的产生与利用研究进展

高锰酸钾在水处理行业中的应用已趋于成熟,但与臭氧、芬顿及其他高级氧化技术相比,高锰酸钾与难降解有机污染物的反应速率较低,需要与其它方法联用来强化自身的氧化能力.近年来随着对强化高锰酸钾氧化机理研究的不断深入,人们发现该体系中产生的自由基对有机污染物的降解有显著的促进作用.为此本文综述了强化高锰酸钾氧化体系中各类无机与有机自由基的产生路径和促进有机污染物降解的机制,提出了后续的研究展望,以期为强化高锰酸钾氧化技术的进一步推广提供理论依据.     

Social foraging in stingless bees: how colonies of Melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources

In an experimental set-up, a colony of the stingless bee Melipona fasciata demonstrated its ability to choose the better of two nectar sources. This colony pattern was a result of the following individual behavioural decisions: continue foraging, abandon the feeder, restart foraging and initiate foraging. Only very rarely did individuals switch from one feeder to the other. With the first combination of a rich (2.7 M) and a poor (0.8 M) feeder M. fasciata behaved differently from Apis mellifera. Recruitment occurred to both feeders and the poor feeder was not abandoned completely. When the poor feeder was set to 0.4 M, M. fasciata abandoned the poor feeder rapidly and allocated more foragers to the rich feeder. These patterns were similar to those reported for A. mellifera with the first combination of feeders. Over a sequence of 4 days, experienced bees increasingly determined the colony patterns, and the major function of communication between workers became the reactivation of experienced foragers. The foragers modulated their behaviour not only according to the profitability of the feeder, but also according to previous experience with profitability switches. Thus, experience and communication together regulated colony foraging behaviour. These findings and the results of studies with honeybees suggest that M. fasciata and honeybees use similar decision-making mechanisms and only partly different tools. Received: 21 December 1998 / Accepted: 5 January 1999     

农药在土壤－水环境中归宿的主要支配因素──吸附和脱附

综述了近年来农药在土壤－水环境中吸附－脱附研究的实验方法、影响因素、数学描述、作用机理等方面的工作。重点讨论了农药与土壤粘土矿物、有机物（腐殖酸、富菲酸等）的物理化学键合机理。