Disequilibrium and Indivisibility of Pollution Control Equipment Under a Permit-Trading System: A Case Study of Kao-Hsiung and Ping-Tung Counties in Taiwan

A mixed-integer programming model that minimizes the social abatement cost is used to investigate whether a market equilibrium condition could be reached in a newly proposed permit-trading market for nitrogen oxide control in Taiwan. Unlike in previous studies, unit pollution abatement cost is determined endogenously by incorporating technology adoption as a binary decision variable. The results show that when technologies are lumpy and irreversible, disequilibrium might occur due to firms’ inability to manage their emission levels after installing equipment with fixed size and control capacity.

我国公众参与环境决策的运行机制及其优化

本文简要论述了良好的决策机制是公众参与环境决策的基本保障,分析了当前我国公众参与环境决策运行机制存在的不足,并提出了优化其运行机制的一些思路。     

运行参数对半干法烟气脱硫性能的影响

选用富阳石灰作为实验研究脱硫剂。研究了运行参数对脱硫效率的影响并分析了其机理。结果表明 :对系统脱硫效率影响最显著的参数是脱硫塔出口趋近绝热饱和温度 ,其次为钙硫比。脱硫塔入口烟气SO2 浓度、烟气量、脱硫塔入口烟气温度对烟气脱硫性能都有不同程度的影响     

处理啤酒废水的厌氧流化床操作特性的研究

试验表明,自制厌氧流化床(AFB)反应器对温度的变化、上升流速等环境的变化都具备良好的稳定性.它的处理温度控制在30±2℃范围,上升表观流速控制为19.1 m/h左右,回流比控制为8:1,水力停留时间在6.9 h左右,废水COD去除率可达80%以上.该AFB反应器能够承受高达30.65 kg COD/m3·d的有机容积负荷,其COD去除率也达到了73%～81%,产气速率系数为0.55～0.612 m2/kg COD.同时,也对实验中出现的偏析现象进行了分析.     

300MW火电机组电除尘器的增效技术改造

以厦门嵩屿电厂一期2×300MW燃煤发电机组除尘器增设一个电场的技术改造为例,介绍了旧机组的电除尘器增加电场的改造内容及施工过程,重点分析了增设所增设电场的技术特点。     

生活垃圾焚烧厂超低排放的改造路线

通过分析国内外垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气净化系统的现状,基于燃煤电站和垃圾焚烧发电厂烟气物性之间的相似性及燃煤电站超低排放系统的先进性,提出了分别以循环流化床法脱硫和高效协同型湿法脱硫技术为核心的垃圾焚烧烟气超低排放改造可行技术路线,并分析了2种技术路线的初投资和运行成本.结果表明：2种技术路线的初投资相当,约为1.37万元/t,但以湿法脱硫为核心的技术运行费用较高,日运行成本约为16.46元/t;采用环保电价补贴政策时,2种烟气超低排放技术路线超过政策发电量部分的发电收入分别可以在3a和7a内弥补超低排放改造及运行带来的资金支出.     

工业含氨污染处理技术的经济价值分析

揭示了氨污染处理的成本效益，提出氨作为废物与资源的临界点浓度与氨的经济价值模型，并探讨了不同形态及介质中氨污染处理技术的成本差异.结果表明，在废水中氨氮浓度接近于10%时，通过资源化利用基本能够达到净现值为0，即收支平衡.相同进水浓度时，氨氮在碱性条件下单位处理成本最低，为0.19~0.41元/kg NH₃，在离子态、重金属及有机物络合形态下，会分别增加2、8及13倍左右的单位处理成本.在气态介质中，氨的处理成本约为-0.5~6元/kg NH₃，但实际工艺中加热浓缩等过程会进一步增加成本.含氨污染在实际工艺中多为气态、液态以及与其他杂质共存状态，存在污染的跨介质转移风险.今后应进行全过程统筹，实现含氨污染处理经济成本最小化的同时，降低环境风险.     

DESALTING SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION A CASE STUDY,COACHELLA AREA,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.     

APPLICATION OF A LOW-FLOW ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The application of a low-flow assessment model is illustrated for the Monogahela River Basin. The model simulates the impact of reservoir operating rules and consumptive use limitation policies on low-flow frequency at downstream locations in the basin. Policies are evaluated using an observed flow sequence and synthetic flow inputs. The paper reviews the historical development of flow management on the Monogahela to provide background for the current study.     

A STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING BASED APPROACH TO THE OPERATION OF A MULTI-RESERVOIR SYSTEM1

ABSTRACT: An heuristic iterative technique based upon stochastic dynamic programming is presented for the analysis of the operation of a three reservoir ‘Y’ shaped hydroelectric system. The technique is initiated using historical inflow data for the downstream reservoir. At each iteration the optimal policies for the downstream hydroelectric generating unit are used to provide relative weightings or targets for operation of upstream reservoirs. New input inflows to the downstream reservoir are then obtained by running the historical streamflow record through the optimal policies for the upstream reservoirs. These flows are then used to develop a new operating policy for the downstream reservoir and hence new targets for the upstream reservoirs. The process is continued until the operating policies for each reservoir provide the same overall system benefit for two successive iterations. Results obtained from the procedure are compared to the results obtained by historical operation of the system. The procedure is shown to develop operating policies which give benefits which are as close to the historical benefits as can be expected given the choice of the number of storage state variables.