Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

Measurement of in-vehicle volatile organic compounds under static conditions

The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (TD-GC/MS).Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17.A room-size,environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions (temperature,humidity,horizontal and vertical airflow velocity,and background VOCs concentration).Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct (4940μg/m~3 in the new vehicle A,1240μg/m~3 in used vehicle B,and 132μg/m~3 in used vehicle C),toluene,xylene,some aromatic compounds,and various C_7-C_(12) alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested.In addition,tetramethyl succinonitrile,possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B.The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors,such as,vehicle age, vehicle model,temperature,air exchange rate,and environment airflow velocity.For example,if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s,the vehicle's air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h~(-1) to 0.67 h~(-1),and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201μg/m~3.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

植物挥发性有机物的作用与释放影响因素研究进展

植物释放的挥发性有机物属于植物次生代谢物质,对环境和人类生存具有正反两方面的作用。一方面,它们具有杀菌抑菌、保健等功能;另一方面,它们还参与对流层大气化学过程,对全球气候变化、碳循环和人类健康等有潜在的负面影响。综述了植物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的作用、影响BVOCs释放的因素及还有待扩展和深入研究的方面,并对今后的研究进行了展望。结果表明:1)植物挥发性有机物对环境和人类健康有正反两方面的作用,目前大部分研究集中于杀菌抑菌等正面效应,而针对植物VOCs的负面效应研究较少;2)影响植物VOCs释放的因素包括内部因素(树种差异、生理因素、N素)和外部因素(光照、温度、湿度、CO2、臭氧和胁迫),目前研究多集中于单一因素;3)今后应加强植物VOCs释放机理的研究,分析其他因素或几种因素相互作用对植物释放VOCs的影响;建立和完善理论模型,用以模拟各种植物VOCs排放的时空动态,更好地预测全球气候变化。     

典型全氟化合物(PFCs)的降解与控制研究进展

全氟化合物(PFCs)已成为全球普遍关注的一类新型有机污染物,全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是这类物质最为典型的代表.由于较强的稳定性和潜在的生物蓄积性,PFCs对生态环境和人类健康皆构成了极大威胁.因此,降解与控制环境介质中的PFCs是当前的研究热点.综述了近年来国内外PFCs主要的降解与控制技术,以期为相关研究提供参考.     

挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术规范体系的设想研究

泄漏检测与修复技术对于控制工业企业无组织挥发性有机物排放效益明显,通过分析泄漏检测与修复技术的国内外发展状况,结合该技术在实际操作中的相关要求,提出建立和完善包括工业企业泄漏元件编码原则、泄漏检测与修复操作技术规范、泄漏检测与修复核查与评估方法、LDAR技术泄漏量核算方法以及LDAR技术信息管理系统接口规范在内的挥发性有机物泄漏检测与修复技术环境管理规范体系的整体设想,以促进挥发性有机物总量减排和环境空气质量改善.     

微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中的锑及其化合物研究

建立了用微孔滤膜采集空气样品,经硝酸-双氧水混合液微波消解,以硝酸镁溶液为基体改进剂,热解涂层石墨管,塞曼扣背景,石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中锑的方法.方法线性范围为3.00～20.0μg/L,当采样体积为100 L,锑的最低检出质量浓度为0.000 5 mg/m3,加标回收率在93.0％ ～ 105.0％间,相对标准偏差均小于3％.该方法具有操作简便、快速、准确度高和用酸量少等优点,适用于空气中微量锑及其化合物的测定.     

大气挥发性有机化合物环境基准研究进展与展望

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中的许多物种对人体具有危害性,同时,VOCs对大气环境产生着重要的影响。目前我国部分区域大气VOCs污染已经十分严重,控制大气VOCs污染对于改善环境空气质量,保护人体健康具有重要意义。国际上许多国家或国际组织制定了大气VOCs环境基准或者发布了大气VOCs环境基准指导值,这对于加强VOCs污染控制及环境管理可以起到重要作用。我国尚未制定大气VOCs环境基准,亟待开展系统的研究工作。在综述国际大气VOCs环境基准研究进展,介绍当前我国大气VOCs环境基准研究情况的基础上,分析了我国大气VOCs环境基准的研究需求,并对今后的系统研究提出了建议。     

大气细颗粒物对CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗机制

PM2.5引起的健康危害日益受到广泛关注,但其确切的损伤机理仍不完全清楚,目前也缺乏有效拮抗PM2.5损伤的天然活性物质。因此本文对北京市PM2.5造成CHO细胞的损伤作用及天然物质的拮抗作用进行研究,结果可为PM2.5污染治理和疾病的预防提供科学依据。通过CCK-8法测定细胞存活率;通过流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡;用荧光探针DCFH-DA法测定ROS;提取细胞内总蛋白并测定其中SOD含量;以及通过Western Blot法分别测定了p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。结果显示:(1)10~40μg·m L-1的PM2.5可明显降低CHO细胞存活率,并呈现极显著的剂量-效应关系(r=-0.964,P0.01);15μg·m L-1PM2.5可以显著增加细胞凋亡、引起细胞内ROS增加、SOD含量下降;p-akt/akt、p65表达量增加说明Akt通路与NF-κB通路均被激活。(2)20μmol·L-1阿魏酸、50μmol·L-1绿原酸和10μmol·L-1荭草素预处理可拮抗PM2.5引起的细胞存活率下降以及细胞凋亡率增加,同时降低细胞内ROS并增加SOD含量,下调p-akt/akt、p65及Bad的相对表达量。其中20μmol·L-1阿魏酸的保护作用最佳。结果说明,PM2.5引起的CHO细胞损伤与细胞凋亡与Akt和NF-κB通路的激活有关;三种天然活性物质具有拮抗PM2.5造成的细胞损伤的能力,其保护机理是通过其降低PM2.5引起的细胞内氧化应激反应,进而降低被PM2.5激活的Akt通路与NF-κB通路和下调Bad蛋白表达量来实现的。     

厦门不同功能区VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解厦门市不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征和健康风险,于2014年3—8月在厦门市开展大气样品的采集,利用预浓缩系统和气相色谱质谱联用技术进行VOCs含量的定量分析,并采用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对VOCs进行人群健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,各功能区VOCs的平均质量浓度差异较明显,表现为工业区(120.88μg·m-3)交通区(104.41μg·m-3)开发区(84.06μg·m-3)港口区(80.78μg·m-3)居民区(58.75μg·m-3)背景区(41.46μg·m-3).背景区、居民区、交通区、开发区和港口区各类VOCs浓度均表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃,工业区则表现为芳香烃烷烃烯烃.除背景区外各功能区VOCs浓度在6月最低,而除工业区外各功能区浓度在8月最高.温度和风等气象因素是导致VOCs浓度变化的重要原因.苯、甲苯、乙苯、间,对二甲苯和邻二甲苯(BTEX)在各功能区总芳香烃中所占的比例为65.20%~78.73%.各功能区BTEX的非致癌风险均表现为甲苯乙苯邻二甲苯间,对二甲苯苯,在9.73×10-4~1.33×10-1之间,均在安全范围内,而苯的致癌风险在1.23×10-5~3.08×10-5之间,超出安全范围,存在较大的致癌风险.