优化QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃

以美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)2种沉积物标样SRM 1944和SRM 1941b为研究对象,建立并优化了QuEChERS结合HPLC测定沉积物中14种多环芳烃的前处理方法,并与传统索氏提取进行比较。优化后的QuEChERS方法:样品经乙腈浸泡后,超声15 min,漩涡振荡3 min,以NaCl和无水MgSO_4盐析,提取液经PSA净化后经HPLC-FLD测定。该条件下14种PAHs的方法检出限为0.5~5.0μg/kg,SRM 1944和SRM 1941b中PAHs回收率分别为73.4%~104.9%和71.9%~96.4%,相对标准偏差分别为0.47%~3.45%和0.87%~3.05%。索氏提取SRM 1944与1941b回收率分别为78.9%~109.3%和80.9%~108.2%,相对标准偏差分别为1.46%~10.3%和1.27%~10.8%。优化后的QuEChERS回收率与索氏提取较为接近,但具有更高的精密度。将该方法用于实际海洋沉积物提取,PAHs测定值与索氏提取较为接近。优化后的QuEChERS方法满足批量沉积物样品中PAHs的快速测定要求。     

Fenton氧化—微生物法降解土壤中石油烃

以长期被苯系物污染的活性污泥为菌源,采用液相“诱导物-中间产物-目标污染物”驯化模式驯化出专性混合石油降解菌群,并将其用于Fenton氧化—微生物法处理模拟石油污染土壤。高通量测序结果表明,产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）、分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobiales）为主导菌属。实验结果表明：接种混合菌群后降解50 d,土样的总石油烃（TPH）去除率较土著菌提高了13.4~20.5百分点;对于TPH含量（w）分别为4%,8%,11%的土样,Fenton氧化的最佳H₂O₂加入量分别为3,4,4 mol/L（Fe²⁺加入量0.04 mol/L）,TPH总去除率分别可达88.8%,65.0%,47.7%,较单独Fenton氧化或单独微生物法均有很大程度的提高,且缩短了降解时间,增加了土壤有机质。     

加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定固体废物中多环芳烃

建立了固体废物中多环芳烃的快速溶剂萃取(ASE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法。加速溶剂萃取仪在温度100℃、压强1.05 MPa条件下,以体积比1:1的丙酮和二氯甲烷为萃取剂,萃取5 min,萃取液采用固相萃取柱或凝胶色谱净化。灰渣和污泥中的PAHs的方法检出限分别为1.03~1.96 μg/kg和4.71~7.04 μg/kg,相对标准偏差分别为4.0%~13.8%和3.3%~13%,加标回收率分别为73.2%~89.8%和67.7%~90.5%。     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer

The composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer and PAH emission composition profiles of possible sources were investigated. Analysis of emission composition data showed that the source profiles could not be grouped by fuel type or pyrogenic/petrogenic origin. Because of the similarity of source PAH profiles, the drawing of 3D mixing diagrams was the only way to check whether some of the potential PAH sources were the true sources. The mixing diagrams showed that the sources of air pollution were paper mills and wood burning and that the sources of water pollution were coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. The common source for both air and water was only oil and petroleum products. To determine the locations of PAH sources, their contributions to air and water pollution were calculated and mapped. Based on the results, air and water were polluted from both local and regional sources. The location of the zone influenced by a particular source was conditioned by physical properties of source emission, direction of air/water flows that transfer PAHs and temperature differences between mixing air/water flows.     

沉积物中2株多环芳烃降解菌的分离鉴定及其对菲、荧蒽的降解特性

从长江重庆主城段近岸表层沉积物中,分离出2株能以菲和荧蒽为碳源和能源生长的菌株(命名为CJ1、CJ2),经鉴定分别为黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium sp.)和克雷伯氏杆菌属(Klebsiella sp.)。进行了菲和荧蒽在初始浓度为20~200 mg/L条件下的生长代谢过程与降解动力学分析。结果表明,CJ1对菲和荧蒽的降解效能总体优于CJ2。15 d时CJ1和CJ2对菲的降解率最高分别为74.3%和70.3%;30 d时CJ1和CJ2对荧蒽的降解率最高分别为58.2%和49.9%。初始浓度为200 mg/L时,两菌株对菲、荧蒽的降解受到一定程度抑制。     

萘降解菌的筛选及其对多环芳烃的降解

从柴油污染土壤中筛选分离出一株萘降解菌N-3,进行了菌种鉴定及萘双加氧酶基因(nah)验证,并考察了该菌对不同种类多环芳烃(PAHs)的降解能力及降解过程中脱氢酶活性的变化。实验结果表明:该菌为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),含有nah基因;当分别对液体培养基中质量浓度为50 mg/L的萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴降解84 h时,菌株N-3对萘、菲、蒽、芘、芴的降解率分别为28.81%,34.83%,36.65%,27.50%,23.47%。菌株N-3的脱氢酶活性与其对不同PAHs的降解率呈一定的正相关性。该菌不仅能有效降解萘,且对其他种类PAHs也有一定降解作用。     

菌源对多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及降解性能的影响

高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。分别以石油污染土壤和焦化废水活性污泥为菌源,分离出芘降解菌和混合PAHs(菲、荧蒽和芘)降解菌共14株并对其降解性能进行对比研究。结果表明,筛选得到的菌株分别属于9个菌属,其中2种菌源共有的菌属为Mycobacterium sp.、Ralstonia sp.和Shinella sp.。芘和PAHs的高效降解菌(CP16和CM32)均属于分支杆菌属(Mycobacterium),来源于焦化废水活性污泥;菌株CP16对芘(50mg/L)的7 d降解率为74.99%,CM32对PAHs(菲50 mg/L、荧蒽和芘各10 mg/L)的7 d降解率为100%。因此,以焦化废水活性污泥为菌源更有利于获得高效的多环芳烃降解菌。     

Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto pine needle cuticular fractions

To better understand interaction mechanisms of pine needles with persistent organic pollutants, single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto isolated cuticular fractions of pine needle were investigated. The structures of cuticular fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state ¹³C NMR. Polymeric lipids (cutin and cutan) exhibited notably higher sorption capabilities than the soluble lipids (waxes), while cellulose showed little affinity with sorbates. With the coexistence of the amorphous cellulose, the sorption of cutan (aromatic core) was completely inhibited, so the cutin components (nonpolar aliphatic moieties) dominated the sorption of bulk needle cuticle. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose under acid hydrolysis, sorption capacities of the de-sugared fractions were dramatically enhanced, which controlled by the exposed aromatic cores and the aliphatic moieties. Furthermore, the de-sugared fractions demonstrated nonlinear and competitive sorption due to the specific interaction between aromatic cores and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.     

银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为研究银川市湿地表层水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布、来源与生态风险,采集丰水期和枯水期15个湿地水样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定水样中16种PAHs的质量浓度,分析了丰水期和枯水期中PAHs的组成,分别运用主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分解模型对水样中的PAHs进行来源解析,并根据忽略浓度(NCs)及最大允许浓度(MPCs)通过风险熵值法进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①枯水期15个水样中检测出8种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为1 455. 38～2 538. 84 ng·L-1,丰水期15个水样中检测出12种多环芳烃,ΣPAHs的浓度范围为818. 69～1 582. 14 ng·L-1,枯水期PAHs的浓度普遍高于丰水期.与国内外其它水体相比处于中高污染水平.②枯水期PAHs以3环～5环为主,高低环比例不明显,2～3环占比为35. 6%～59. 2%,4～6环占比为40. 8%～59. 7%;丰水期PAHs以4环和5环为主,低高环占比分别为10. 2%～45. 07%、54. 92%～89. 76%,高环较低环占比较高;③利用主成分分析法及正定矩阵因子分解法对丰水期和枯水期水体中PAHs的来源进行解析,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为燃烧源及交通污染源.④风险熵值法分析显示银川市湿地水体中枯水期及丰水期的Ba A、Bb F、In P、DBA和Bghi P单体和枯水期的Phe的最高风险浓度风险熵值(RQMPCs)均大于1,可能已经引起一定程度的污染,需引起重视;枯水期表层水中Nap及丰水期表层水中Nap、Ace、Fla、Pyr和Ba P的最低风险浓度风险熵值(RQNCs)均大于1,说明这些单体PAHs可能造成中等程度的污染,需要对PAHs污染加强控制.     

上海市郊道路地表径流多环芳烃污染特征对比及源解析

随着城市化发展,我国城市地表径流污染问题日益突出,交通道路地表径流多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染受到广泛关注.以上海中心城区(漕宝路)和郊区(嘉金高速)交通道路为研究对象,采集2017～2018年7场降雨地表动态径流水样,分析道路地表径流多环芳烃的质量浓度特征及组成比例,并采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行PAHs源解析,从而明确交通道路地表径流PAHs的污染特征及来源差异.结果表明,郊区嘉金高速Σ16PAHs的几何均值(5 539. 2 ng·L~(-1))高于市区漕宝路(548. 1 ng·L~(-1)) 10倍以上,与嘉金高速货车比例大且清扫频率相对较低有关.两个点位的苯并[a]芘[benzo(a) pyrene,Ba P]均超过国家排放标准,尤其嘉金高速超标21倍.漕宝路和嘉金高速径流PAHs组分比例差异不大,均以4～6环为主,占比约80%.通过特征比值法定性源解析发现,漕宝路PAHs主要来自燃煤源和交通源;嘉金高速PAHs主要来自石油、煤等燃烧源和交通源. PMF定量源解析表明,漕宝路径流PAHs来源以燃气、燃煤源为主,占48. 6%,其次为交通排放源和石油源,分别占29. 8%和21. 7%;嘉金高速道路径流PAHs来源贡献比从大到小依次为交通排放源、燃煤源、石油源以及炼焦源,其贡献率分别为38. 5%、34. 6%、14. 6%和12. 6%.市、郊道路的PAHs来源及贡献率存在显著差异,燃气、燃煤源是市区漕宝路地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其所在徐汇区人口密度大、燃气使用量相对较多有关;交通排放源是郊区嘉金高速地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其客、货车流量相对较大、其排放PAHs远高于轿车有关;另外嘉金高速PAHs来源还存在炼焦源,与青浦区工业煤炭使用量较大有关.