Monitoring and targeting the sanitation poor: A multidimensional approach

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) are at the core of sustainable development. As we embark on a new round of global goals, namely the Sustainable Development Goals, a top priority is to address a coherent framework for monitoring these services. In the coming years, the sector will witness the development of a variety of multidimensional monitoring measures, albeit from different perspectives. This paper reviews the relevant literature and discusses the adequacy and applicability of one approach that is increasingly adopted for multidimensional poverty measurement at the household level, the Alkire‐Foster methodology. Drawing on this method, we identify and combine a set of direct household‐related water and sanitation deprivations that batter a person at the same time. This new multidimensional measure is useful for gaining a better understanding of the context in which WaSH services are delivered. It captures both the incidence and intensity of WaSH poverty, and provides a new tool to support monitoring and reporting. For illustrative purposes, one small town in Mozambique is selected as the initial case study.     

2013年度新疆环境申报统计工作思考与建议

对2013年度新疆环境申报统计的创新工作方法进行了较详细的总结。通过统一工作部署，整合统计申报报表制度，严格执行数据质量核查制度，开发“污染源管理系统”，形成了较完善的工作体系，对今后申报统计工作质量的提高提出了思考与建议。     

Abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in response to various habitats in Pearl River Delta of China, a subtropical maritime zone

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are widely considered key to ammonia oxidation in various environments. However, little work has been conducted to simultaneously investigate the abundance and diversity of AOA as well as correlations between archaeal amoA genotypes and environmental parameters of different ecosystems at one district. To understand the abundance, diversity, and distribution of AOA in Pearl River Delta of China in response to various habitats, the archaeal amoA genes in soil, marine, river, lake, hot spring and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) samples were investigated using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and clone libraries. Our analyses indicated that the diversity of AOA in various habitats was different and could be clustered into five major clades, i.e., estuary sediment, marine water/sediment, soil, hot spring and Cluster 1. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the structure of AOA communities in similar ecological habitats exhibited strong relation. The canonical correspondence method indicated that the AOA community structure was strongly correlated to temperature, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and dissolved oxygen variables. Assessing AOA amoA gene copy numbers, ranging from 6.84×10⁶ to 9.45×10⁷ copies/g in dry soil/sediment, and 6.06×10⁶ to 2.41×10⁷ copies/L in water samples, were higher than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) by 1-2 orders of magnitude. However, AOA amoA copy numbers were much lower than AOB in WWTP activated sludge samples. Overall, these studies suggested that AOA may be a major contributor to ammonia oxidation in natural habitats but play a minor role in highly aerated activated sludge. The result also showed the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance was positively correlated with temperature and less correlated with other environmental parameters. New data from our study provide increasing evidence for the relative abundance and diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in the global nitrogen cycle.     

九龙江下游水源水中新发病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的定量PCR检测

新发水传病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因对于饮用水的生物安全性有重要意义.以7种典型的水传病原微生物和4种抗生素抗性基因作为检测指标,对闽西南地区的重要水源九龙江下游水源水进行了检测.从九龙江下游4个采样点和附近某水厂进出水采集水样,用0.22μm的滤膜过滤后,进行DNA提取及荧光定量PCR检测.结果表明,九龙江下游水源水中Salmonella enterica(Salmonella spp.)、Legionella pneumophila(L.pneumophila)和Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)等个别指标可达到103、104、105copies.mL-1的水平.有机物浓度可能对病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因的水平有较大影响.水厂常规工艺对于大多数病原微生物和抗生素抗性基因可以实现有效去除,但对Salmonella spp.的去除效果不理想.因此为保证饮用水安全,需要在清理污染源、提高处理工艺水平以及末端控制方面加强管理.     

我国典型秸秆露天燃烧黑碳的高时间分辨率排放特征及其排放清单

农作物秸秆燃烧是大气中黑碳(black carbon,BC)气溶胶的主要来源之一。目前农作物秸秆燃烧排放黑碳的研究主要集中在通过离线样品分析获得的BC排放特征,缺少实时在线排放特征的研究。本研究收集了我国具有代表性的4种农作物秸秆(小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆),通过在实验室燃烧平台模拟农作物秸秆露天燃烧的过程,利用黑碳仪获得农作物秸秆燃烧过程中BC的实时浓度排放变化;利用质量重建,获得BC在线排放因子。结果表明:农作物秸秆在明燃过程中BC的排放因子较为稳定。通过平均排放因子的计算,获得小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和大豆秸秆的BC排放因子分别为(0.32±0.05) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.13) g?kg~(-1)、(0.31±0.09) g?kg~(-1)和(0.44±0.01) g?kg~(-1)。在排放因子的基础上,结合我国农作物秸秆露天燃烧量,最终建立了2015年我国省级(不含港澳台地区)典型农作物秸秆燃烧的BC排放清单。     

溶解氧对固定气体流量曝气系统亚硝化特性的影响

通过实时控制系统并结合其他工艺参数的调控,在SBR系统中实现了垃圾渗滤液短程硝化过程的快速启动,并在稳定期考察了固定气体流量曝气系统中溶解氧(DO)对短程硝化的影响。结果表明:在线监测p H的"氨谷"可判断氨氧化反应的终点;采用固定气体流量的曝气方式,使得单周期好氧段后期ρ(DO)高达7.95 mg/L,出水亚硝态氮积累率维持在98.3%左右,氨氮去除率高达96.5%;好氧段后期高溶解氧并没有导致硝化菌(NOB)的再次增长,短程硝化系统稳定。     

磺胺抗性消长与堆肥进程的交互特征

基于添加和不添加磺胺药[m(磺胺二甲嘧啶SM2)∶m(磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶SMM)=1∶1]的好氧堆肥试验,分析堆肥过程中鸡粪理化性质、微生物群落代谢特征、磺胺抗生素以及5种抗性基因变化,探明磺胺抗性消长与堆肥过程的交互特征.结果表明,磺胺药添加抑制了堆肥基础呼吸,延长了堆体达到高温的时间,减缓了养分转化速度,显著影响堆肥中期微生物群落结构特征.鸡粪中SMM和SM2在堆肥14 d内即可完全降解,且SMM降解速率高于SM2.随堆肥进行,sul1和sul2呈先下降后轻微回升的趋势,磺胺药添加对sul1和Int I1丰度无明显提高作用,但可促进sul2扩散.堆肥过程中,tet Q和tet W变化与磺胺抗性基因不同,但磺胺药添加亦增加tet Q和tet W相对丰度.冗余分析结果显示,温度与sul1、sul2和Int I1明显负相关,与tet Q和tet W无明显相关性;5种抗性基因相对丰度均与碳氮比和硝态氮含量负相关,与p H、含水率和铵态氮含量正相关.     

珠江口典型水产养殖区抗生素抗性基因污染的初步研究

使用普通PCR和荧光定量PCR方法对珠江口典型水产养殖区水和沉积物中3种磺胺类、7种四环素类、1种喹诺酮类抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)和1种整合子基因进行了定性和定量研究.结果表明,除tetW外,所有其他ARGs在珠江口养殖区中均被检出,其中sul1、sul2和int1的检出率为100%.相同养殖模式下,养殖时间越长ARGs的相对含量越高,表明ARGs具有累积效应;不同养殖模式池塘中ARGs的含量存在差异,表明养殖模式可能影响ARGs的含量与分布.int1相对含量与sul1和ARGs总量之间均存在显著相关性(P<0.05),表明int1在ARGs的水平传播中起着非常重要的作用.此外,珠江口水产养殖区沉积物中抗生素浓度与ARGs总量存在显著相关性(P<0.05),说明水产养殖区中抗生素残留是诱导养殖区ARGs的主要因素.     

盐生杜氏藻烯醇酶基因启动子的克隆分析及胁迫转录应答

为了解盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)烯醇酶(Enolase)在渗透耐受中的具体功能,利用基因组步行方法和巢式PCR,从D.salina中克隆了烯醇酶基因DsENO 5’上游约2 000 bp的调控序列,并对其进行序列分析.分析表明,它包含多个与转录调控有关的保守序列(如CAAT-box,TATA-box),富含光﹑干旱及其它胁迫应答元件.利用实时荧光定量PCR的方法,研究了高渗﹑高温以及低温外界胁迫条件下DsENO的转录情况,发现其受高渗强烈抑制,高温显著诱导而低温微弱诱导.     

基于无线传感器网络的气体泄漏源快速定位方法研究

为及时发现大气环境中危险化学品泄漏事故,快速准确判断泄漏源位置,实现有效的监测监控,开发出集气体质量浓度信息采集、时间校准、无线收发等功能于一体的集成探测模块。在此基础上,建立基于无线传感器网络(WSN)的气体泄漏实时监测平台,提出实时监测数据和高斯扩散模型相结合的气体泄漏源快速定位方法。通过开展实际场地泄漏试验,实现气体泄漏源的快速定位,并分析试验系统的敏感度。结果表明:气体泄漏扩散受风力影响很大;合理布局探测器,能有效提高泄漏源定位精度,为危险气体泄漏事故的应急决策提供决策参考。