五里湖生态重建影响因素及其对策探讨

简要介绍了五里湖的概况、主要生态环境问题和对五里湖生态环境现状及其变化过程的调查,并从水文、水质、底质等方面分析了五里湖生态重建的影响因素。在此基础上结合蠡湖新城建设规划及五里湖综合整治规划,提出了相应的生态重建对策,即通过控源、利用生境修复措施创造生态恢复条件、人工重建水生植被和湖泊生态系统管理,重建良性的湖泊水生态系统。同时,从体制和机制创新的角度出发,探讨了湖泊生态系统的管理方式和途径。      

Occupationally Oriented Medical Rehabilitation and Hairdressers’ Work Techniques–A one-and-a-half-year follow-up

This study examined changes in work techniques and musculoskeletal symptoms after occupationally oriented medical rehabilitation arranged for 21 hairdressers who were experiencing neck-shoulder or back pain but were still able to work. OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysing System) analyses of working postures and questionnaire data were obtained at the beginning of the courses and one and a half years later. The participants worked with their back bent and twisted or their arms at or over shoulder level more seldom (p < .0001) at the end of the follow-up than at the beginning of the rehabilitation. Subjective work-related physical and mental strain had decreased by 45.4% (p < .001) and 27.1% (p < .05), respectively, and subjective neck and back pain by 40.0% (p < .0 1 ) and 45.3% (p < .01). respectively. This’study suggests that occupationally oriented medical rehabilitation can have significant and long-lasting effects on the rehabilitee’s work techniques and subjective well-being.     

Changing the Course of Rivers in an Asian City: Linking Landscapes to Human Benefits through Iterative Modeling and Design

Concerns over water scarcity, climate change, and environmental health risks have prompted some Asian cities to invest in river rehabilitation, but deciding on the end goals of rehabilitation is a complex undertaking. We propose a multidisciplinary framework linking riparian landscape change to human well‐being, providing information relevant to decision makers, in a format that facilitates stakeholder involvement. We illustrate this through a case study of the densely settled, environmentally degraded, and flood prone Ciliwung River flowing through metropolitan Jakarta, Indonesia. Our methodology attempts to respond to this complexity through an iterative approach, strongly based on conceptualization and mathematical modeling. Nested hydrologic, hydrodynamic, and water quality models provide outputs at catchment‐, corridor‐, and localized site‐scales. Advanced 3‐D landscape modeling is used for procedural design and precise visualization of proposed changes and their impacts, as predicted by the mathematical models. Finally, participatory planning and design methods allow us to obtain critical stakeholder feedback in shaping a socially acceptable approach. Our framework aims at demonstrating that a change in paradigm in river rehabilitation is possible, and providing future scenarios that balance concerns over flooding, water quality, and ecology, with the realities of a rapidly growing megacity.     

黄土丘陵区退耕时间序列梯度上草本植被群落与土壤C、N、P、K化学计量学特征

研究草本植被群落生态化学计量学特征、营养元素分配及其变化规律对阐明草本植被群落对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义.本文以延河流域8个不同退耕年限的草本植被群落叶片、根系及土壤为对象,分别对其C、N、P、K化学计量学特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄土丘陵区草本植被群落叶片C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为444.21、22.34、1.49、14.66mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为21.86、424.72、39.82、20.27;根系C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为285.16、5.79、0.27、6.07 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为60.56、1 019.33、46.55、21.36;土壤C、N、P、K含量平均值分别为2.28、0.18、0.28、4.33 mg·g~(-1),C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P平均值分别为16.43、8.40、0.54、0.66.在退耕1~35年间,草本植被群落叶片C含量上升,N含量先上升后下降,磷含量整体下降,K含量先下降后上升;叶片C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P总体呈上升趋势.根系C、N、P、K含量及其特征的变化规律与叶片不尽相同.随着退耕年限的增加,土壤C、N含量上升,P含量呈反正弦函数状变化,K含量呈抛物线状变化,C/N下降,C/P、C/K、N/P均上升.在退耕时间序列梯度上,C、P、K在叶片和根系中含量的比值存在不同程度的下降趋势,C、N、P在叶片和土壤中含量的比值下降,C、N在根系和土壤中含量的比值下降.植物营养元素的限制状况及分配规律均与退耕恢复时间响应关系及程度均存在差异.     

Is river rehabilitation economically viable in water-scarce basins?

Decisions on river rehabilitation actions are often based on cost-benefit analyses taking into account the costs and benefits of the considered management actions, but ecosystem services are often not included as benefits, despite recent evidences on the effects of river rehabilitations on ecosystem services. A cost-benefit analysis integrating market and non-market costs and benefits was undertaken in this study to assess the economic feasibility of a river rehabilitation project in a water scarce region, the Yarqon River Rehabilitation project (Israel). In this case, the costs included both the capital costs of implementing rehabilitation measures (including maintenance costs) and the opportunity costs of water allocation (foregone benefits to farmers from water provisioning for agriculture). The benefits of rehabilitation included the net marginal benefits of the cultural ecosystem services at local scale (estimated with a hedonic pricing method), and at regional scale (estimated with a value function transfer), in addition to the habitat service gene-pool protection (estimated with a replacement cost method). Bearing in mind the uncertainties surrounding water resource management decisions, especially in water scarce areas, a sensitivity and risk analysis was conducted using an analysis that included both Monte Carlo simulations and the standardized regression coefficients method. The rehabilitation of the Yarqon River provided positive net present values (approximately $139 million in 30-year period). This was thanks to the provision of cultural ecosystem services and despite the high rehabilitation costs, and that the massive water reallocation involved high foregone benefits to farmers. Therefore, these results highlight that river rehabilitation in water scarce regions can be economically viable due to the social amenity demand for urban rivers.     

Towards a coherent conceptual framework for emergency preparedness/response and rehabilitation – the application of the new ICRP recommendations given in ICRP 103

In the past, most emphasis in planning for and response to an emergency situation has been placed on selected protective measures in the early phase of an emergency to keep the doses received below levels where severe deterministic health effects can be excluded and/or where the risk of stochastic effects in the population is considered “acceptable”. Less emphasis has been placed on the development of comprehensive protection strategies which include considerations of the consequences of all exposure pathways and all phases, e.g. long-term rehabilitation. In its new publication 103, ICRP proposed a coherent conceptual framework for protection in all types of exposure situations including “emergency exposure situations” and “existing exposure situations”. In the context of developing protection strategies for these exposure situations, the Commission recommends that national authorities set reference levels between, typically, 20 mSv and 100 mSv annual effective dose (emergency exposure situation) and 1 mSv and 20 mSv (existing exposure situation). In order to optimise protection strategies, it is necessary to identify the dominant exposure pathways, the timescales over which the dose will be received, and the effectiveness of available protection options. The characteristics of the development and implementation of such protection strategies is described.     

城市水环境治理运作机制构建与创新——基于对“武汉水专项”案例的分析

中国实行改革开放以来,工业化和城市化推动了城市经济的快速增长,但城市水环境破坏严重.政府部门曾采取一些措施来改善水环境,但并未有效解决污染问题.由于城市水环境治理问题的重要性和紧迫性,国家科技部在武汉市汉阳区启动"水专项"寻求有效的治理模式.由于采用新的制度安排,注重科学技术与管理制度的结合,明显改善了汉阳地区的水环境."武汉水专项"的试验显示出市场机制在城市水环境治理这类公益项目中同样是有效率的.构建更加有效的城市水环境治理运作机制既是必要的,也是可能的.构建城市水环境治理运作机制的核心是在确保水环境改善的公共目标的基础上,实现城市水环境治理投入的外部效应内部化,城市水环境治理可以成为具有广阔市场和丰厚盈利的现代服务业.     

Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana

The role of community-based plantation development in forest rehabilitation and poverty alleviation is a pressing issue for the government of Ghana. In this paper, we present an analysis of the prospects of a community-based plantation using taungya systems and indigenous trees as means to forest rehabilitation and livelihood improvement in Ghana. The project management strategies, communication process and incentive mechanism and their impact on local participation are discussed with the aim to recommending a mechanism through which local farmers can best be involved in rehabilitation of degraded sites in the future in Ghana. Data were collected through a survey using personal interviews of 431 farming households and ten key informants from ten communities living in scattered hamlets in and around forests reserves. The results show a high rate of local participation in project tree planting activities. Four years after the project’s initiation, about 250 ha of plantations had been established using twelve priority indigenous and one exotic species and farmers had indicated improvement in their farming practices and availability of food and forest products. Restoring forest quality as a timber resource and associated values, getting money, food stuff and timber and non-timber for domestic use, and having access to fertile land for farming were the top three issues prioritised by respondents as motivational factors for engaging in the project activities. Overall, this project demonstrates that reversing tropical forest degradation is possible. For this we need local involvement in tree domestication combined with activities that addresses livelihood needs and environmental concerns. This case also demonstrates the prospects of utilising indigenous tree species, not only exotic species that dominated tree planting in the past, for plantations and landscape rehabilitation in Ghana. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

我国区域土壤侵蚀与环境研究述评

区域土壤侵蚀与环境研究，是在比较大的中间尺度和较长的时间尺度上，对土壤侵蚀发生发展过程、土壤侵蚀因子、土壤侵蚀定量评价方法，以及土壤侵蚀治理对环境的影响进行研究的科学与技术体系。该领域的研究，即能直接为国家水土保持宏观决策提供支持，又能揭示土壤侵蚀的宏观规律，并于全球变化研究相联系。我国在该领域的研究主要概括四个方面，包括：①区域土壤侵蚀因子研究，是为认识土壤侵蚀环境特征和进行土壤侵蚀定量评价的基础，②区域土壤侵蚀评价研究，包括调查制图、定性评价和定量评价等，是该研究服务于水土保持实践的基本途径；③水土保持的环境效应研究，是从另外一个视角对土壤侵蚀环境与水土流失及其治理关系的认识。是确切评估水土保持效益，保证水土保持工作健康持续稳定发展的基础。今后应尽快开发区域水土流失定量评价模型，并在区域尺度上对环境效应的方式、范围、程度和发展趋势做出综合计价和分析预测。     

Restoring regenerative systems of production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Research requirements

It is the principal proposition of this paper that formal agricultural research, and its supporting policies and planning, has not responded adequately to the special situation that exists in semi-arid Africa. In many cases the transfer of research approaches based on temperate and more humid tropical experience has contributed to greater instability and the growing environmental crisis. Radically different research structures, objectives, methods and expectations are necessary to contribute to the redevelopment of long term regenerative systems of production that will provide the short and long term needs of the people who live in the semi-arid regions and at the same time protect these environments.