在运有载分接开关故障多维统计分析

为加强分接开关故障的事前预防与隐患排查,保障电力系统的安全稳定运行,根据故障类型、产品类型和应用环境等维度,对国家电网公司在运分接开关进行故障统计分析.研究结果表明:分接开关发生"分接头不同步"的概率相对最高,二次回路的继电器故障频次最高;真空灭弧分接开关的故障概率略低于绝缘油灭弧分接开关;气候湿润地区、昼夜温差大地区...     

Bimodal distribution of organochlorine insecticide levels in soil due to emulsion spraying

Concentrations (c) of lindane and technical DDT have been determined in about 60 soil samples, randomly taken from a 10 × 10 m² plot of bare soil one day after spraying. These experimental c, log c data, and literature data for dieldrin are used to examine the various residue distributions in cultivated and uncultivated soil plots. The normality of these distributions is examined with some statistical tests. All c distribution curves are more or less skew to higher c levels. From the pooled cumulative distribution curve and frequency histogram it is concluded that the found c distributions can be characterized best as bimodal.

Finally, some practical recommendations are given for cost‐effective soil sampling.     

基于区间活性数据的定量结构-活性关系

利用贝叶斯统计方法构建了基于区间活性数据的取代苯胺和苯酚类化合物对大型溞(Daphniamagna)24 h急性毒性的定量结构-活性关系模型,并与基于平均数和中位数的点估计活性数据的定量结构-活性关系模型进行了比较.结果表明,前者可以充分利用化合物的活性数据信息,模型具有更好的拟合效果与预测能力以及较宽的应用范围.基于区间活性数据的定量结构-活性关系模型可为生态风险评价等提供更加可靠的预测数据.     

2007-2011年我国烟花爆竹事故统计分析研究

燃放烟花爆竹的习俗由于其在中国民俗中的特殊含义而延续至今,但是,因其自身的易燃、易爆性,烟花爆竹生产具有很高的风险性和危害性,引发的各类安全事故时有发生,不仅对社会财产造成严重损失,更危害到人民的生命安全。依据不同分类方法对2007—2011年间我国烟花爆竹事故进行了综合统计分析,得出了事故总体情况,不同方法统计下的事故比例,以及事故原因分类等,并进一步基于原因分析,从法律法规、技术手段以及安全管理三方面提出了一系列相关措施建议。     

我国城市固体废物处理情况及温室气体减排启示

对我国城市固体废物(MSW)清运量、无害化处理量、卫生填埋量和场所、焚烧量和堆肥量的变化进行了趋势分析、相关性分析以及时空分布分析;并且对联合国气候变化框架公约(UNFCCC)官方网站公布的《京都议定书》中附件1国家温室气体的排放数据进行了统计分析. 结果表明:我国城市固体废物清运量和卫生填埋量很大并逐年增加;城市固体废物卫生填埋处理厌氧消化产生的温室气体随着填埋量以及标准卫生填埋场所的变化而变化;从发达国家各领域的温室气体排放情况来看,废物领域的减排潜力很大,尤其是城市固体废物卫生填埋处理,这对我国开展城市固体废物卫生填埋处理温室气体减排有一定启示.      

Nutrient criteria for lakes,ponds, and reservoirs: A Bayesian TREED model approach

We develop regional-scale eutrophication models for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs to investigate the link between nutrients and chlorophyll-a. The Bayesian TREED (BTREED) model approach allows association of multiple environmental stressors with biological responses, and quantification of uncertainty sources in the empirical water quality model. Nutrient data for lakes, ponds, and reservoirs across the United States were obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Nutrient Criteria Database. The nutrient data consist of measurements for both stressor variables (such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus), and response variables (such as chlorophyll-a), used in the BTREED model. Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) posterior exploration guides a stochastic search through a rich suite of candidate trees toward models that better fit the data. The Bayes factor provides a goodness of fit criterion for comparison of resultant models. We randomly split the data into training and test sets; the training data were used in model estimation, and the test data were used to evaluate out-of-sample predictive performance of the model. An average relative efficiency of 1.02 between the training and test data for the four highest log-likelihood models suggests good out-of-sample predictive performance. Reduced model uncertainty relative to over-parameterized alternative models makes the BTREED models useful for nutrient criteria development, providing the link between nutrient stressors and meaningful eutrophication response.     

Quantifying Eradication Success: the Removal of Feral Pigs from Santa Cruz Island, California

Abstract:  A major challenge facing pest-eradication efforts is determining when eradication has been achieved. When the pest can no longer be detected, managers have to decide whether the pest has actually been eliminated and hence to decide when to terminate the eradication program. For most eradication programs, this decision entails considerable risk and is the largest single issue facing managers of such programs. We addressed this issue for an eradication program of feral pigs ( Sus scrofa ) from Santa Cruz Island, California. Using a Bayesian approach, we estimated the degree of confidence in the success of the eradication program at the point when monitoring failed to detect any more pigs. Catch-effort modeling of the hunting effort required to dispatch pigs during the eradication program was used to determine the relationship between detection probability and searching effort for different hunting methods. We then used these relationships to estimate the amount of monitoring effort required to declare eradication successful with criteria that either set a threshold for the probability that pigs remained undetected (type I error) or minimized the net expected costs of the eradication program (cost of type I and II errors). For aerial and ground-based monitoring techniques, the amount of search effort required to declare eradication successful on the basis of either criterion was highly dependent on the prior belief in the success of the program unless monitoring intensities exceeded 30 km of searching effort per square kilometer of search area for aerial monitoring and, equivalently, 38 km for ground monitoring. Calculation of these criteria to gauge the success of eradication should form an essential component of any eradication program as it allows for a transparent assessment of the risks inherent in the decision to terminate the program.     

浅论"三表合一"的设想

对国家环保总局提出的"三表合一"的设想,从三个方面提出自己的观点。第一,应以排污申报登记核定为基础,客观建立污染源动态数据库;第二,"三表合一"应该是环境统计报表、排污收费报表、污染控制报表等各方面污染源的数据统一到排污申报登记报表;第三,"三表合一"首先应建立统一的污染源指标体系,统一的污染测算方法和统一的基础数据库。     

A HYDROCLIMATIC APPLICATION STRATEGY FOR THE POISSON PARTIAL DURATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A strategy for formulating and testing the Poisson partial duration extreme value model is presented. The procedure is demonstrated using recorded Streamflow series from a humid subtropical region of the southern United States. The observed data series are partitioned by climatic causes and tested for both the Poisson assumption and the validity of the exponential as marginal distributions. Several statistical tests are utilized in making these determinations. Some important aspects of the model as applied to humid climates are demonstrated. It was found that a majority of Streamflow series could be represented by the model and that significant differences do exist between the arrival structures of floods resulting from different climatic mechanisms. However, these differences generally do not exist in the distribution of the flood magnitudes. In addition, it is possible that model validity is restricted by drainage basin size.     

典型农区耕作土壤重金属空间变异的稳健性分析

以鲁西北典型农区禹城的耕作土壤重金属Cr、Pb含量为例,针对其偏态分布特点与变异函数的非稳健性,研究了克瑞西-豪金斯法(C-H)、中位调节法(MA)、中位数中位偏差法(MMD)和位置的Huber估计(HB)4种稳健统计方法对土壤重金属变异函数的稳健处理效果,交叉检验了各稳健处理变异函数模型用以克里格估值的精度,分析了该地区耕作土壤重金属的空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤Cr、Pb含量变异性较强且其频数分布均呈强烈偏态特征;稳健处理使得变异函数的块金值、基台值总体降低,块金值/基台值和拟合精度均不同程度升高;C-H法和MMD法稳健处理下,土壤Cr、Pb含量克里格空间预测的精度最高,是较优的稳健处理方式;研究区土壤Cr、Pb含量的空间分布呈现局部斑块状的分布格局,目前耕地土壤环境质量良好。该研究结果为该地区耕地环境质量评价和重金属污染防控提供科学依据。