碳足迹分析方法研究综述

随着全球气候变暖日益引起各国政府和公众的普遍关注,碳足迹分析方法成为近年来学术界的新兴研究热点之一。碳足迹分析是一种评价碳排放影响的全新测度方法,其从生命周期的角度揭示不同对象的碳排放过程,具体衡量某种产品全生命周期或某种活动过程中直接和间接相关的碳排放量,为探索合理有效的温室气体减排途径提供科学依据。文章对国内外现有的碳足迹研究进行了系统的回顾,重点介绍了碳足迹的定义、计算方法和应用案例。其中碳足迹计算方法主要包括过程分析法和投入产出法。应用案例主要从不同尺度的碳足迹研究与特定产业/部门的碳足迹分析来阐述。最后,针对当前碳足迹的研究现状和研究趋势,从碳足迹的概念内涵、计算方法、研究尺度及研究内容等四个方面对碳足迹研究进行了展望,以期推动我国碳足迹模型的理论与实践的发展。     

Drinking water quality governance: A comparative case study of Brazil,Ecuador, and Malawi

Human health is greatly affected by inadequate access to sufficient and safe drinking water, especially in low and middle-income countries. Drinking water governance improvements may be one way to better drinking water quality. Over the past decade, many projects and international organizations have been dedicated to water governance; however, water governance in the drinking water sector is understudied and how to improve water governance remains unclear. We analyze drinking water governance challenges in three countries – Brazil, Ecuador, and Malawi – as perceived by government, service providers, and civil society organizations. A mixed methods approach was used: a clustering model was used for country selection and qualitative semi-structured interviews were used with direct observation in data collection. The clustering model integrated political, economic, social and environmental variables that impact water sector performance, to group countries. Brazil, Ecuador and Malawi were selected with the model so as to represent the diversity of the clusters. This comparative case study is important because similar challenges are identified in the drinking water sectors of each country; while, the countries represent diverse socio-economic and political contexts, and the case selection process provides generalizability to our results. We find that access to safe water could be improved if certain water governance challenges were addressed: coordination and data sharing between ministries that deal with drinking water services; monitoring and enforcement of water quality laws; and sufficient technical capacity to improve administrative and technical management of water services at the local level. From an analysis of our field research, we also developed a conceptual framework that identifies policy levers that could be used to influence governance of drinking water quality on national and sub-national levels, and the relationships between these levers.     

相似案例比对法在空气质量精细化预报中的应用

2018年首届中国国际进口博览会期间,为开展精细化的空气质量保障预报,以2015年11月13-16日为相似案例,与2018年11月8-11日上海地区的天气要素和PM2.5浓度变化进行相似性分析。结果显示,2个案例中地表压强、地表温度、相对湿度、混合层高度和风向5项主要天气要素的相关系数为0. 66~0. 93,相似离度为0. 09~0. 26,PM2.5浓度的相关系数达0. 8左右,相似离度为0. 2。针对2015年案例的污染过程分析,不仅为2018年案例中的污染时段预报提供了参考,也为空气质量保障工作的管控决策提供了支持。     

Effective rates of heavy metal release from alkaline wastes--quantified by column outflow experiments and inverse simulations

Column outflow experiments operated at steady state flow conditions do not allow the identification of rate limited release processes. This requires an alternative experimental methodology. In this study, the aim was to apply such a methodology in order to identify and quantify effective release rates of heavy metals from granular wastes. Column experiments were conducted with demolition waste and municipal waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash using different flow velocities and multiple flow interruptions. The effluent was analyzed for heavy metals, DOC, electrical conductivity and pH. The breakthrough-curves were inversely modeled with a numerical code based on the advection–dispersion equation with first order mass-transfer and nonlinear interaction terms. Chromium, Copper, Nickel and Arsenic are usually released under non-equilibrium conditions. DOC might play a role as carrier for those trace metals. By inverse simulations, generally good model fits are derived. Although some parameters are correlated and some model deficiencies can be revealed, we are able to deduce physically reasonable release-mass-transfer time scales. Applying forward simulations, the parameter space with equifinal parameter sets was delineated. The results demonstrate that the presented experimental design is capable of identifying and quantifying non-equilibrium conditions. They show also that the possibility of rate limited release must not be neglected in release and transport studies involving inorganic contaminants.     

危化品事故根本原因判定标准的构建及实证研究

为有效地预防危化品事故,提高企业安全生产标准化建设水平,基于AQ 3013—2008和GB/T 33000—2016两个现行标准,根据事故致因\"2-4\"模型,以事故分析为目的,通过对比分析两个标准的差异性并将关键要素整合,构建了危化品事故根本原因的判定标准,并应用该判定标准对2012—2017年间我国发生的8起危化品事故的根本原因进行分析即确定安全管理体系的缺欠项。结果表明:整合后的判定标准在确定危化品事故根本原因时更为全面,其中每起事故案例补充的判断标准项占总判断标准项数量的比例为25%～40%,平均值为32%。强调指出危化品企业必须注重安全管理体系的持续改进,加强安全生产预测预警系统、应急救援信息系统的建设,营造全员参与的良好安全文化氛围,以促进危化品企业的健康发展。     

沈阳市当前环境信访与投诉案件的对策研究

分析了沈阳市环境信访投诉案件的季节性和区域性分布特征，阐述了夏季是信访投诉高峰期，近八成信访与投诉发生在城市7个中心区的特点。其中，春、秋两个季节多发扬尘、烟尘投诉；夏季是噪声、油烟投诉的高峰期；冬季主要是采暖引发的烟尘问题、噪声问题，以及建筑工地夜间施工扰民问题投诉。对2006年查处的重点环境案件进行了剖析，针对沈阳市环境信访与投诉案件的形式和特点，提出了部门联合、污染治理技术筛选、源头治理、专项整治的措施和手段。     

石化企业无组织排放废气的减排对策及案例分析

摘要：本文论述了石化企业无组织排放废气的污染特征和产污环节,提出减排对策,并以某石化企业为例,说明其无组织排放废气减排措施的实施效果：     

火烧试验包装箱内部温度无损测试研究

针对火烧试验包装箱内部温度无损测试要求,提出并实施了基于＂黑匣子＂耐高温无线无损测试技术,介绍了其工作原理、系统配置,研究了耐高温的保护方法。该测试技术成功应用于火烧试验包装箱内部温度测试,为结构隔热设计、产品安全评估和修正火烧数值计算模型提供了依据。对无线实时在线测试技术和应用条件进行了探索和研究,进行了相关考核试验。该技术可应用于异常环境、不破坏内部结构、实时在线的试验测试。     

纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩活动规律相似模拟

以大同矿区"双系"煤层群协同开采为工程背景,相似模拟实验研究了纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩位移、裂隙及应力演化分布规律。结果表明:侏罗系近距离煤层群采用刀柱式与走向长壁式开采交错布置方式,形成不同的组合开采模式,表现出不同的覆岩破断特征,应力集中现象突出;石炭系特厚煤层开采致使覆岩大面积垮落,与上部侏罗系煤层群形成了复杂的多层采空区连通状态,且受侏罗系煤柱叠加应力影响,工作面来压频繁、覆岩活动剧烈。纵深大区域煤层群覆岩应力应变形态作为耦合时变系统,随煤层开采经历了"平衡—失稳—平衡"循环变化过程。     

生态环保扶贫减损增益和“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化研究

打通“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化路径是生态经济研究的重要内容,也是衔接脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴的有效途径.结合扶贫领域生态环境保护项目实施情况,从生态保护修复效益、环境污染治理效益、“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益方面构建了生态环境损益与“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估指标体系,并选择江西省崇义县进行案例研究.结果表明:①构建的生态环境损益与“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估指标体系包括生态保护修复实现的增值量、环境污染治理产生的减损量和“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化的经济收入.②崇义县良好生态环境实现的“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益初步显现,2018年崇义县“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化的经济收入为22.77×108元,是2013年的3.77倍,通过“绿水青山”向“金山银山”转化的经济收入得到逐步释放.③生态环保扶贫不仅可以提高区域生态环境质量,而且可以防止产生新的生态破坏与环境污染事件,通过发展生态经济,促进贫困地区县域经济绿色转型发展,巩固脱贫攻坚成果和支撑乡村振兴.研究显示,着眼于生态环保扶贫促绿色转型发展和生态产品价值实现,保护修复生态环境获得合理回报,“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化效益评估包括绿色有机农产品产值、生态旅游和生态补偿类收入,指标简单、可操作性强,可为生态环保扶贫政策优化和贫困地区可持续发展管理提供参考.