Using the sustainable development goals towards a better understanding of sustainability challenges

The United Nations General Assembly agreed and approved in September 2015 the document ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, which contains a set of measures aiming to balance economic progress and protection of the environment, whilst at the same time remain aware of the need to address the many disparities still seen between industrialised and developing countries. The Agenda document consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which among many other tasks, intend to eradicate poverty and create better health conditions in both developed and developing countries. But despite the need for and the relevance of the SDGs, it is unclear how they may help to address present and future sustainability challenges. Based on the need to shed some light on such a relationship, this paper describes each of the SDGs, and offers an analysis of the extent to which their implementation may offer support to ongoing attempts to handle some of the pressing problems seen in pursuing sustainable development. Three case studies are presented to show in practice how best the SDGs can be handled. The paper concludes that the process of implementing the SDGs offers unrivalled opportunities to advance equal opportunity and foster economic empowerment, helping countries to promote the cause of sustainable development in their territories, hence benefiting their populations.     

工业工程专业人因工程教学模式改革探索与实践

人因工程是工业工程专业中一门非常重要的专业课程。首先根据工业工程专业的特点和当前社会人才培养需求,分析了人因工程课程教学过程中存在主要问题。然后根据存在的问题对教学目标进行重新定位,并设计了层次化教学内容、动态化教学模块和多样化教学方法相结合的立体教学体系。最后,设计并尝试采用实验教学、案例教学、互动式教学等方法和手段进行教学改革。对提高教学质量、培养学生综合能力具有一定的意义。     

Exploring relationships between conservation and poverty reduction in wetland ecosystems: lessons from 10 integrated wetland conservation and poverty reduction initiatives

It is well known that whilst wetlands deliver a wide range of services vital for human well-being, they are being rapidly degraded and lost. Losses tend to be higher where human populations are increasing most and demands for economic development are greatest. Multidisciplinary management approaches that integrate conservation and development objectives in wetlands are therefore urgently requested for by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. This paper describes the evaluation of 10 wetland management case studies from Asia, Africa and South America that adopted such an integrated approach. The evaluation assessed the outcomes of these integrated initiatives to identify conditions and processes for linking conservation and poverty reduction objectives in wetlands. The findings are also compared with other assessments of integrated approaches, particularly in terms of their effectiveness in optimizing conservation and poverty reduction outcomes. The results from our studies suggest an ongoing evolution of such integrated interventions, which also implies cycles of learning from past mistakes. Overall, our results highlight the significant variation between wetlands in types and quantities of services they provide and emphasize the need to view many ecological issues as social challenges for equitable solutions to both wetlands and people. The analysis further shows that the positive on-ground results owe much to the interdisciplinary problem analysis, whereby interventions can move from treating symptoms to addressing root causes. while no blueprint emerged on how to successfully integrate conservation and poverty reduction in wetlands, important lessons for future interventions were drawn.     

成都平原城市群春季臭氧污染天气客观分型与典型过程分析

通过分析成都平原城市群8个城市2015—2019年春季（4—5月）地面臭氧浓度及超标情况表明,春季成都平原平均臭氧日最大8小时平均浓度（O₃_8 h）呈上升趋势,成都、眉山O₃超标日较多,雅安最少但呈逐年增加趋势,资阳、乐山O₃_8 h平均值和O₃超标率高于夏季.同时,利用ERA-Interim再分析资料和PCT客观天气分型方法,对近5年春季成都平原及周边海平面气压场、700 hPa和500 hPa的位势高度场进行客观分型研究以揭示重污染期间高低空天气型配置,并分析天气系统及气象要素与臭氧污染的关系.结果表明：①成都平原春季容易发生O₃污染的地面天气形势为低压场和均压场,气象特征表现为高温低湿、强辐射、小风、混合层较高、有弱的辐合运动,该天气型下成都市平均O₃_8 h达140 μg·m^-3.②700 hPa臭氧污染天气形势为南支槽和高原低涡型,500 hPa为南支槽和平直纬向型.高空为南支槽的环流形势下,地面均压和低压场的占比超过六成.污染较重的月或年份,地面、700 hPa和500 hPa污染天气型占比均较高.③对近5年春季成都平原持续O₃污染过程分析发现,污染前期,成都平原处于地面高压后部或均压场中,随着700 hPa低值系统东移,其前部暖平流和正涡度平流的输送,促使平原地区整层大气增温及地面天气型由均压场向低压场转变.④污染过程中,500 hPa高空气流受高原-盆地地形的作用发生下沉,与地面低压场的辐合上升运动促进了低层局地环流的形成,这一方面限制了污染物向高层的扩散,另一方面造成边界层内O₃的下传,加重成都平原O₃污染的程度.     

Analysing the incorporation of sustainability themes into the university curricula: a case study of a Spanish public university

From an international view, several papers have analysed how sustainability themes are integrated into the university curricula. In Spain, few studies to date have examined the extent to which universities are incorporating sustainability themes into their curricula. In view of such considerations, this article examines the extent to which sustainability themes are being incorporated into the curricula of a Spanish public university strongly committed to signing sustainability policies and declarations. In addition, this study analyses the main barriers to the incorporation of sustainability themes into the curricula of this university. To accomplish this task, this article uses different methodological instruments over three phases through a case study approach. The findings of this study suggest how the university examined has many difficulties in incorporating, holistically or separately, sustainability themes in its formal courses despite having so many policies, regulations and a commitment to sustainability.     

尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台设计及验证

泥石流是一种极具破坏力的地质灾害类型,而尾矿库溃坝形成的泥石流除产生巨大破坏力外,还会造成严重的环境污染问题,为了分析其流态演进过程设计了泥石流相似模型试验台。本尾矿库溃坝泥石流相似模拟试验台采用全透明技术以观察泥石流的流态演进过程,同时在传感器对应位置外侧固定量尺,以记录泥石流流动过程中泥深的动（泥石流淹没高程）静（泥石流结束后滞留泥浆高度）态变化。与现有技术相比具有5大优点,主要体现在弯度调节、坡度调节及闸门装置3大系统,并通过相似模型试验与前人研究成果对比,验证了此试验台的可行性,对完善矿山泥石流流体力学理论及矿山泥石流防灾减灾工作具有重要的科学价值及意义。     

油烟过滤-洗涤净化效率的研究

在基本假设的基础上,建立起了油烟过滤-洗涤复合式净化效率的理论模型,推导出了净化效率的理论公式。在此基础上,通过模拟试验对其进行了必要的相似修正,最后获得了一个可以应用于实际的半理论半经验公式。该公式对于油烟过滤洗涤净化过程的参数优化和净化器设计具有实际意义。     

退田还湖后替代生计的经济评估研究——以洞庭湖西畔山洲垸为例

分析了“湿地保护项目是如何改善民众生计的”这一问题。采用2000～2005年1 474个农户调查问卷作为基本数据,其中964个农户位于洞庭湖西畔山洲垸。得出6个结论：①WWF在西畔山洲垸的替代生计示范项目增加了农户的收入和福利,降低了脆弱性,增强可持续利用的自然资源基础;②妇女、老人以及低收入群体从项目中获益;③参加项目的农户比未参加项目的农户拥有更多的收入和财产;④与2000年项目开始时相比,生计水平有了持续的改善;⑤生计改善的原因是当地社区的积极参与、国家政策机遇、伙伴关系的建立、社区基层组织建设以及适应性管理方法的应用;⑥鱼类和水鸟等返回已恢复的湿地。表明该示范项目达到了自然保护目标。     

数字散斑技术在煤矿相似模拟实验中的应用*

为将具有高精度、非接触性和全场观测等优点的数字散斑技术应用到煤矿相似模拟实验中，完成裂隙发育、应力变形和上覆岩层位移分析，介绍数字散斑的基本原理、相关系数和搜索方式等关键性环节，并利用MATLAB建立实用性强的数字散斑软件系统、硬件测量系统和像素位移转化系统，并进行图像二值化处理。结果表明:在利用数字散斑分析方法对煤层开挖过程中的覆岩下沉量进行定量分析时，不仅方便快捷，而且误差较小，证明数字散斑在相似模拟实验中具有较高的可靠度。这将在一定程度上促进数字散斑技术在煤矿领域的实际应用。     

我国群发性尘肺病和职业中毒案例分析及对策探讨

为有效预防和控制我国群发性职业损害，并为相关政策制定提供参考，对国内近30年文献记载的77个典型职业健康损害案例进行了统计分析，统计结果表明:群发性尘肺病主要集中于金属矿山、煤矿行业中小微型用人单位；群发性职业中毒多发生在电池制造、化工、鞋和箱包制造等用人单位。在典型案例原因分析的基础上，对有效落实用人单位职业病防治主体责任、完善工伤保险制度、建立健全相关制度等方面提出建议。