Strengthening the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction: the Chilean strategy

This paper presents an integrative case study of Chile's national strategy of research, development, and innovation (R&D+i) for disaster resilience and progress towards developing the institutional conditions necessary for its successful implementation. The paper covers the period between 2016 and 2021, concentrating on the work of the Chilean Commission of R&D+i for Resilience to Disasters of Natural Origin (CREDEN). Through an analysis of the official records of the initiative at all of its stages, and 29 semi-structured interviews with CREDEN members and stakeholders, we aim to present a successful example of strengthening the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction. Chile's experience is particularly interesting because its strategy focused on R&D+i and proposed developing an industry of scientific-based technological solutions for disaster resilience. The study also illustrates how strategic interaction between academia, state, and industry can be a key factor in aligning knowledge production to tackle current socio-technical challenges.     

某整车制造企业清洁生产审核案例分析

以某整车制造企业清洁生产审核项目为例,通过对照涂装行业清洁生产评价指标体系,对该汽车制造企业开展清洁生产审核,结合审核过程中发现的清洁生产潜力,提出方案以提高企业的清洁生产水平。     

灾害避难行为的模拟模型研究（II）——单人单房情况的避难模拟

在我们已建立的避难行为模拟的初步模型的基础上,为了检验该模拟模型的实用性,就单人单房避难情况进行了模拟。检验了常见的墙移动,随朵移动、大力向移动等３种避难行为模式的避难效果,文中给出了模拟过程中各种参数的计算和设定方法,模拟结果表明：在较宽阔的房层内避难时,触墙移动是最有效的避难途径,在对单人单房避难模拟进行总结的基础上,本文还探讨了上述模型中存在的主要问题及其进一步完善的可能性。     

地震电磁辐射观测技术应用研究

通过对 6个震例的分析研究 ,总结出电磁辐射源来自陆域空间和海域空间的规律 ;震前电磁异常的识别及非震异常的特征与排除 ,并成功地进行了一次临震预报。     

灾害熵：概念引入及应用案例

某一区域的灾害风险反映珠不确定性。据此,本文采用信息熵的理论与方法,引入了区域灾害熵和区域灾害加权熵概念,并给出了相应的计算公式。选取山东省作为应用案例研究的区域,利用了１９４９￣１９９４年旱灾、洪涝灾害受灾面积资料计算了旱灾、洪涝灾害的区域熵和区域灾害加权熵。研究结果表明,区域灾害加权熵可以作为表征区域灾害风险整体水平的一个综合指标。本文给出了区域灾害熵计算方法简便易行。     

数字散斑技术在煤矿相似模拟实验中的应用*

为将具有高精度、非接触性和全场观测等优点的数字散斑技术应用到煤矿相似模拟实验中,完成裂隙发育、应力变形和上覆岩层位移分析,介绍数字散斑的基本原理、相关系数和搜索方式等关键性环节,并利用MATLAB建立实用性强的数字散斑软件系统、硬件测量系统和像素位移转化系统,并进行图像二值化处理。结果表明:在利用数字散斑分析方法对煤层开挖过程中的覆岩下沉量进行定量分析时,不仅方便快捷,而且误差较小,证明数字散斑在相似模拟实验中具有较高的可靠度。这将在一定程度上促进数字散斑技术在煤矿领域的实际应用。     

环保设备买卖合同的法律风险防范——以买方为视角

结合有关案例,简要探讨了作为卖方的环保企业在签订环保设备买卖合同及合同履行中应注意的法律风险问题,以及防范和应对措施。     

某钢结构物流中心火灾案例及结构抗火分析

2011年3月,某钢结构物流中心发生火灾,过火面积约7000m2,损失惨重。通过对该例火灾的起因、火势蔓延、结构倒塌进行分析,探讨钢结构建筑防火设计和结构抗火措施。研究结果表明:①钢结构因本身抗火性能差,易垮塌,不利于火灾扑救;②在火灾中钢结构易整体破坏,造成重大损失;③由于未采取防火分隔,扩大了火灾蔓延途径和过火面积,加剧了火灾损失,也加大了火灾扑救难度。为了减轻火灾损失,应当:①合理设置防火分隔;②提高或保证钢柱、钢梁的耐火极限,以提升结构抗火能力;③加强对钢构件和结点的防火保护;④保证自动喷水灭火系统的正常运行,有效实施初期灭火。     

公众参与自然资源管理的实践模式——基于国内外典型案例的对比研究

在自然资源管理过程中引入公众参与是为了满足公众自身利益,提高决策的科学性,最终达到自然资源效率提升和可持续利用的双重目标。选取发达国家和发展中国家具有代表性的典型案例,进行对比分析;侧重于主导发起主体的不同,归纳出三种参与模式,进而对模式特点、模式间比较以及模式的整体演变过程进行阐析;以发展中国家中国为例,提出在中国实施公众参与自然资源的措施建议和路径导向。结论如下:①发达国家公众参与自然资源管理模式呈现出参与行为的法律化、参与主导的非政府化、参与意识的增强化和参与主体的广泛化特点,而发展中国家的参与模式则呈现出参与主导的政府化、参与意识的淡薄化和参与途径的单一化特点;②依据发起主体不同,公众参与自然资源管理的模式分为政府主导发起型参与、非政府主导发起型参与和公众自觉发起型参与,并按照参与认知水平的提升而不断演进;③在中国实施公众参与自然资源过程中,要提升公众参与认知水平,强化法律保障建设,转变主导发起者角色,拓宽参与途径,从而实现自然资源的可持续利用。     

Local governments in the driving seat? A comparative analysis of public and private responsibilities for adaptation to climate change in European and North-American cities

The division of responsibilities between public and private actors has become a key governance issue for adaptation to climate change in urban areas. This paper offers a systematic, comparative analysis of three empirical studies which analysed how and why responsibilities were divided between public and private actors for the governance of local urban climate adaptation. For 20 governance arrangements in European and North-American cities, the divisions of responsibilities and the underlying rationales of actors for those divisions were analysed and compared. Data were gathered through content analysis of over 100 policy documents, 97 in-depth interviews and 2 multi-stakeholder workshops. The comparative analysis reveals that local public authorities are the key actors, as they bear the majority of responsibilities for climate proofing their cities. In this stage of policy emergence, local authorities are clearly in the driving seat. It is envisaged that local public authorities need to more actively engage the different private actors such as citizens, civil society and businesses through governance networks along with the maturation of the policy field and the expected acceleration of climate impacts in the coming decades.