风险管理标准在环境监测站的应用

以应急监测为例,介绍了环境监测站实施风险管理的基本思路。提出通过明确环境信息、建立风险准则、开展风险评估、实施风险应对等过程,开展系统性的风险管理,实现对各种风险的有效防范和控制。建议建立相应的组织机构和兼职的风险管理队伍,及时监督和检查风险管理流程运行状况,并在管理体系中加入风险管理要素,确保风险应对计划有效执行,实现持续改进。     

对空气质量实时发布站点的监控研究

结合广州市环境监测中心站空气质量实时发布工作的实践,开展对发布站点的监控研究。在数据一致性、异常数据和数据质量等方面对发布站点实施监控,并使用实时通讯技术和云技术,建立网络化信息平台,有效识别发布站点的异常问题并及时响应,提高了实时发布数据的可靠性和有效率,保障了发布站点的稳定运行。     

长江上游大型水库群对宜昌站水文情势影响分析

近年来,长江上游已建成一批大型水库,其运行调度必然会对下游的径流产生影响。水文变化指标法(IHA)和水文变化幅度法(RVA)是以水流的量、时间、频率、延时和变化率5种基本特征为基础,对建坝前后的河道水文情势变化进行定量分析的方法。根据长江流域大型水库群建设的实际情况,利用Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法划分了宜昌站建库前后的流量序列,用来评估长江上游大型水库群对宜昌站水文情势的改变情况。M-K相关检验发现,宜昌站的年最小流量已经在2000年发生了显著性地变化;IHA和RVA分析成果表明,宜昌站的水文情势已经发生了中等程度的改变,主要是与小流量相关的一些因子,如1~3月平均流量、最小流量六个因子、低脉冲发生次数及持续时间等;随着以三峡水库为核心的上游大型水库群建成并投入运行,未来长江下游河道径流还将发生进一步的改变。     

Who counts,what counts: representation and accountability in water governance in the Upper Comoé sub‐basin,Burkina Faso

This article examines the unfolding of integrated water resource management (IWRM) reforms in southwest Burkina Faso, where water resources are subject to conflicting claims by a diversity of users. We first describe the establishment a local water user committee, showing how choices regarding composition and operations grant varying levels of recognition to different stakeholders. We then discuss the implications for key dimensions of decentralized governance, namely representation and accountability. In particular we focus on: (a) how the interplay of political agendas and policy disconnects shapes the committee's viability and credibility and (b) how tensions between techno‐scientific and local knowledge affect participation and transparency. We argue that in contexts defined by contentious politics and neo‐patrimonial practices, representativeness is better ensured by the direct inclusion of user groups rather than elected officials. Though limited discretionary power, information access, and technical capabilities of committee members inhibit accountability, rural producers uphold their claims through social mobilization and reliance on local knowledge. Recognizing the opportunities offered by the country's recent democratic turn, we formulate recommendations aimed at addressing structural drivers and enabling citizen agency in decentralized water governance. At the same time, further research is needed on local people's understandings of representation and accountability, to ensure that they are involved in institutional design and practices in ways that affirm what they value and what they know.     

The effect of experience on choosing where to go: an application to a choice experiment on forest recreation

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of experience on the choice of visits to forests in a stated discrete choice experiment. Recent literature has indicated that experiences with the environmental services valuated may increase the respondents' certainty in their choice of hypothetical alternatives. We apply two indicators of experiences: the number of visits and the number of different forests visited during the last year. Applying the generalized multinomial logit model, we find that an increase in the number of visits to forests makes respondents' choices more predictable. However, the number of different forests visited reduces the predictability of choices. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between respondents' experience of forest recreation and the self-reported choice certainty, controlling for respondents' social-demographics and other design characteristics. Finally, we show that self-reported choice certainty is positive correlated with the scale factor, as expected.     

VMT reduction and potential environmental effects with a tradable credits scheme: a simulation case study of Great Britain

We investigate the influence of a tradable credits scheme (TCS) on travel demand and vehicle emissions, based on the vehicle miles travelled (VMT). With a microeconomic quantitative analysis scheme, a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function is used as an approach to model the annual mileage for different travel purposes. An illustration is given for the effects of a TCS on emission mitigation based on historical data for Great Britain. A scenario analysis demonstrates that a TCS can achieve a target for reducing the number of private trips. Besides a movement of trips from the private car mode to public modes, there is also some trip restraint, with individuals choosing not to take some trips. Compared with Fowkes et al.’s research on road pricing in London, the research illustrates that a TCS can be designed to have similar effects to a road pricing scheme. We also demonstrate that a TCS could bring emission changes arising from changes in VMT.     

Heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards agri-environmental schemes across different agricultural subsystems

Specialised literature on the uptake of agri-environmental schemes (AES) has paid little attention to how this can be influenced by the different types of agricultural systems. This paper analyses the heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards these schemes, distinguishing between different subsystems within the same agricultural system. We use the choice experiment method to analyse the case study of three olive grove subsystems in southern Spain, with the subsystems ranging from extensive to intensive. The results reveal inter- and intra-subsystem heterogeneity of farmers' preferences towards AES, both in general and specifically related to scheme attributes. A variety of factors appear to lie behind inter-subsystem heterogeneity, especially those associated with subsystem specificities (principally, the type of joint production). Likewise, numerous factors play a role in intra-subsystem heterogeneity, most of them related to farm/farmer socio-economic and physical characteristics. These findings will help in the design of more efficient AES.     

500kV变电站噪声控制措施比较研究

为控制500 kV变电站噪声污染,以某500 kV变电站为例,根据变电站的总平面布置,结合国内外现有研究成果与工程经验提出了A、B、C三种噪声控制方案,分别是增高围墙、设置隔声墙和优化布置GIS室,并采用Cadna/A噪声预测软件分析比较了各措施降噪效果.结果表明,A、B、C三种方案对厂界噪声排放的控制效果均较明显.对于站外声环境敏感建筑物,A方案设置隔声墙和C方案优化布置500 kV GIS室的效果较好.研究成果可为500 kV变电站的设计和噪声防治提供参考.     

Residents' willingness to pay for improved liquid waste treatment in urban Ethiopia: results of choice experiment in Addis Ababa

This paper discusses residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved liquid waste treatment in Addis Ababa based on data collected in 2011 using random parameter logit model. Findings indicate that respondents are willing to contribute for improved liquid waste treatment with higher quantity and quality. Their mean WTP for the medium improvement scenario is found to be 15.53 ETB (0.93 USD) per month. The compensation surplus tends to increase from the status quo to the alternative scenarios with aggressive improvement. Finally, the paper concludes by indicating the socioeconomic difference across households, and sub-cities need to be considered in designing environmental protection plans for the city.     

Social preferences for the design of biodiversity offsets for shorebirds in Australia

Understanding the social acceptability of biodiversity offsets is important to the design of offset policy. We used a discrete choice experiment to quantify preferences of Australians for a migratory shorebird offset in the context of an oil and gas development project. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1371 respondents on their preferences for current and prospective offset‐policy characteristics via an online questionnaire to inform policy design of the social dimensions related to offset acceptability. The majority of respondents accepted offsetting as a means to allow economic development; the option to reject development (and an offset) was selected in 13% of possible offset scenarios. Substituting protection of a species affected by the development with protection of a more endangered species was a desirable policy characteristic, as was having the offset implemented by a third party or the government rather than the company responsible for the development. Direct offset activities (e.g., improving degraded habitat) were preferred over indirect activities (e.g., a research program), and respondents were strongly against locating the offset at a site other than where the impact occurred. Positive and negative characteristics of offsets could be traded off by changing the number of birds protected by the offset. Our results show that Australians are likely to support increased flexibility in biodiversity‐offset policies, particularly when undesirable policy characteristics are compensated for.