Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing problem of deforestation. Pakistan lost 14.7% of its forest habitat between 1990 and 2005 interval. This paper assesses the present forest wood consumption rate by 6000 brick kilns established in the country and its implications in terms of deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases. Information regarding consumption of forest wood by the brick kilns was collected during a manual survey of 180 brick kiln units conducted in eighteen provincial divisions of country. Considering annual emission contributions of three primary GHGs i.e., CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, due to burning of forest wood in brick kiln units in Pakistan and using IPCC recommended GWP indices, the combined CO₂-equivalent has been estimated to be 533019 t y⁻¹.     

施肥与秸秆还田对太湖稻-油复种系统春季杂草群落特征的影响

掌握不同管理模式下稻田杂草群落特征，可以为杂草综合防治及农田生物多样性的保持提供理论依据和技术途径。借助稻-油复种系统长期定位施肥试验（江苏吴江，始于1987年），于2007年春季监测长期不同施肥和秸秆还田对农田杂草群落的影响。施肥与秸秆还田对春季稻田杂草群落结构特征存在显著作用。长期有机无机肥配合施用下（化肥+猪粪+秸秆）杂草生物多样性和生物量均下降；长期不施氮肥下杂草总密度显著增高，达1 810 ind./m2；长期不施肥时，田间野老鹳草成为优势种群，其相对密度达879%；全年秸秆还田（化肥+油菜秸秆+水稻秸秆）下，田间优势杂草种群为禾本科的看麦娘，其相对密度达697%；秋熟水稻秸秆还田下杂草生物量下降，而生物多样性显著提高。上述结果表明，通过合理施肥和秸秆还田措施，可以对稻油复种模式中春季杂草群落进行有效调控。     

秸秆生产燃料乙醇的研究进展

秸秆的化学成分复杂,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大部分组成。经过预处理、发酵和脱水可生成燃料乙醇,秸秆乙醇化技术已经备受关注。针对预处理、发酵和脱水3个过程的多种化学或生物技术的研究进展进行了分析,同时也指出其不足。秸秆预处理中的超临界技术虽然设备制造成本高,但在秸秆资源化中与传统技术相比显示了独特的优势,具有反应迅速、无需催化剂、无产物抑制等优点。     

改性玉米秸秆吸附Cu2+的动力学和热力学

本研究用ZnCl2作为活化剂,使用功率640 W的微波照射4 min的方法制备改性玉米秸秆。考察投加量、pH、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附特征、吸附动力学和热力学进行了系统研究。结果表明:投加量为0.2 g,pH为6,改性玉米秸秆对Cu2+具有很好的吸附效果,吸附在8 h后达到平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学方程,其反应的吉布斯自由能△G<0,为自发反应过程。     

生物质能源在小城镇中的应用及未来发展前景分析

通过对阿瓦提县国能生物发电项目的发电现状及实际运行效果进行统计,并结合污染源监测数据分析了生物质能源的开发利用现状,进而说明了生物质能源的开发利用方案及推广应用价值。     

玉米秸秆活性炭的制备及其吸附动力学研究

以玉米秸秆为原材料,采用ZnCl2活化法制备玉米秸秆活性炭,吸附次甲基蓝染料废水,进行动力学分析。本实验用Langmuir和Freundlich模型对吸附等温线进行拟合,结果表明,玉米秸秆活性炭对次甲基蓝的吸附与Langmuir方程拟合良好,R2=0.9857。采用Lagergren准一级速率模型、Lagergren准二级速率模型、Bangham动力学方程和Elovich动力学方程分别对秸秆活性炭吸附次甲基蓝溶液进行吸附动力学拟合,通过分析得出吸附过程与Lagergren准二级速率模型拟合最好,R2=0.9979。秸秆活性炭对次甲基蓝的最大吸附量达到909.09 mg/g,具有很高的吸附能力。     

铬渣的热解无害化处理

采用热解工艺无害化处理铬渣,探讨了稻秆在铬渣无害化处理中的作用.研究了热解温度、稻秆与铬渣质量比、铬渣粒径及保温时间对铬渣热解无害化处理的影响,并分析了热解前后热解产物中铬元素形态的变化.结果表明,热解工艺能有效地将铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ)还原,稻秆热解过程中产生的气相挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原起核心作用.较为适宜的热解条件:热解温度为400 ℃,稻秆与铬渣质量比为0.10,铬渣粒径<2 000 μm,保温时间为10 min.在该热解条件处理下,热解产物中的Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为121 mg/kg,低于热解前铬渣中的Cr(Ⅵ)(3 400 mg/kg).热解后,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态铬含量降低,大部分铬转化成了稳定的有机结合态和残渣态,极大地降低了铬渣的危害.第一作者:张大磊,男,1982生,博士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物热处理.     

提高油田伴生气回收率的研究与应用

文章阐述了陆梁油田在开发过程中采用油气混输技术、天然气发电机橇技术、锅炉烧湿气等技术,将伴生气回收率提高至92.10%;油气混输技术能够实现边缘区块油气全密闭输送;集中处理站锅炉燃烧湿气技术可增加处理站天然气外输气量,降低运行成本;小型活动天然气发电机橇的应用,可以充分利用富裕天然气降低生产成本,同时减少富裕天然气火炬放空燃烧量,收到了良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Fire Mosaics and Reptile Conservation in a Fire‐Prone Region

Fire influences the distribution of fauna in terrestrial biomes throughout the world. Use of fire to achieve a mosaic of vegetation in different stages of succession after burning (i.e., patch‐mosaic burning) is a dominant conservation practice in many regions. Despite this, knowledge of how the spatial attributes of vegetation mosaics created by fire affect fauna is extremely scarce, and it is unclear what kind of mosaic land managers should aim to achieve. We selected 28 landscapes (each 12.6 km²) that varied in the spatial extent and diversity of vegetation succession after fire in a 104,000 km² area in the semiarid region of southeastern Australia. We surveyed for reptiles at 280 sites nested within the 28 landscapes. The landscape‐level occurrence of 9 of the 22 species modeled was associated with the spatial extent of vegetation age classes created by fire. Biogeographic context and the extent of a vegetation type influenced 7 and 4 species, respectively. No species were associated with the diversity of vegetation ages within a landscape. Negative relations between reptile occurrence and both extent of recently burned vegetation (≤10 years postfire, n = 6) and long unburned vegetation (>35 years postfire, n = 4) suggested that a coarse‐grained mosaic of areas (e.g. >1000 ha) of midsuccessional vegetation (11–35 years postfire) may support the fire‐sensitive reptile species we modeled. This age class coincides with a peak in spinifex cover, a keystone structure for reptiles in semiarid and arid Australia. Maintaining over the long term a coarse‐grained mosaic of large areas of midsuccessional vegetation in mallee ecosystems will need to be balanced against the short‐term negative effects of large fires on many reptile species and a documented preference by species from other taxonomic groups, particularly birds, for older vegetation. Mosaicos de Fuego y la Conservación de Reptiles en una Región Propensa al Fuego     

3种生物质炭对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附简

选择由玉米秸秆、稻壳和稻草秸秆在825℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂，通过模拟实验，研究其对溶液中活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性，考察了pH值、时间、溶液初始浓度和生物质炭用量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明，当pH为2.0时，玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对活性艳蓝的吸附量均达到最大，而pH对稻草秸秆炭的影响不大；三者达到吸附平衡的时间分别为180、300和360 min，最大吸附量分别为114.05、54.60和68.19 mg/g。等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述；动力学实验表明，吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型；热力学数据分析发现，吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程。