Inter-individual variation in sequestration (as measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy) predicts efficacy of defensive secretion in lubber grasshoppers

Summary. We tested whether inter-individual variation in concentration of sequestered compounds predicts defensive efficacy of the defensive secretion of onion-fed Eastern lubber grasshoppers. When fed onion, lubbers have the ability to sequester sulfur compounds into their defensive secretion, and the secretion from onion-fed lubbers is more deterrent of ants than the secretion from lubbers fed other diets (Jones et al. 1989). To test three hypotheses, we developed a method for measuring total sequestered sulfur in the secretion using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). First, we found that lubbers fed an ad libitum, monophagous diet of onion produce more secretion and have higher concentrations of total sulfur in their secretions than lubbers fed other diets. These sulfur concentrations varied three-fold; we believe that this variation in the composition of defensive secretions stems from physiological variation. Second, our method was sensitive enough to detect sulfur in the secretion of some lubbers that had been fed onion only once. Third, the sulfur concentration of a secretion sample significantly predicted its ability to deter ants from foraging. Hence, our results suggest that inter-individual variation in defensive chemistry in insects offered the same diet may be ecologically important. Received 25 November 1997; accepted 5 February 1998.     

“十一五”我国主要工业行业SO2和COD技术减排的效应分析

在分析＂十一五＂期间SO2和COD减排情况的基础上,通过构建体现分行业污染减排的环境效应分解模型,对各主要行业不同减排途径带来的污染技术减排效应进行测算,得到了各行业不同减排途径产生的技术减排效应值以及各行业污染技术减排的贡献度。测算结果显示,＂十一五＂期间火电、钢铁和水泥行业的SO2技术减排效应分别为2080万t、180万t、318万t,其中烟气脱硫工程在工业SO2污染减排中担负了主要贡献作用,贡献率为50.46%,造纸业、化学原料及制品行业、农副食品加工业的COD技术减排效应分别为309万t、103万t、135万t,最终给出了我国主要工业部门的SO2和COD技术减排效应对总减排效应的贡献度,分别为66.05%、51.10%,表明技术减排是＂十一五＂期间顺利实现污染减排的重要保证。     

昆明不同产地磷石膏对烤烟生长及砷污染风险的影响

为解决磷石膏堆存造成的环境问题,实现其农业资源化利用。通过盆栽试验研究了施用昆明市3个产地磷石膏（上蒜乡、古城镇和草铺镇）对3个品种烤烟（红花大金元、NC297和MS云烟85）生长的影响。结果表明：磷石膏能有效促进烤烟生长,其中施用上蒜磷石膏的效果最好,上蒜磷石膏处理下红花大金元的株高显著高于NC297和MS云烟85,且地上部生物量显著高于 MS 云烟85;施用另外两种如古城和草埔磷石膏后,红花大金元在株高和地上部生物量也表现出不同程度的优势。此外,相对NC297和MS云烟85,施用磷石膏对红花大金元的促磷和抗砷作用更为明显,上蒜磷石膏处理下红花大金元地上部磷吸收量为43.10 mg·pot-1,显著高于NC297和MS云烟85;且施用上蒜磷石膏对红花大金元砷的污染风险较小,其植株地上部砷的质量分数为0.48 mg·kg^-1,显著小于相同处理下NC297和MS云烟85,但烟株地上部砷含量最低的组合为古城磷石膏-NC297烤烟组合,其砷的质量分数为0.20 mg·kg^-1。此外,施用磷石膏也显著增加了土壤中有效磷、硫含量,其中添加上蒜磷石膏能更大程度地提高土壤速效磷的含量,为不施用磷石膏（CK）的11-23倍;施用古城磷石膏后,种植NC297的土壤中有效硫增加最多,为CK的5-15倍。因此,除NC297和MS云烟85施用上蒜磷石膏组合存在一定砷污染风险外,磷石膏可以作为磷、硫肥安全地应用于烤烟生产。     

利用源示踪技术计算日本和韩国低层大气SO2和PSO4来源

利用区域空气质量模式CAMx中的PAST(源示踪技术)对2010年东亚地区的总硫(SO₂₊PSO₄)的源-受体关系进行了模拟计算. 模拟区域内共设定43个源区,其中在中国领土范围内设定了33个源区. 在源-受体关系计算中,将日本本岛分为北部、中部和南部三部分,分别设为受体区域,同时还将远离陆地的海洋背景点冲绳和韩国济州岛设为受体点.模拟结果表明,日本本岛北部、中部和南部的总硫来源存在一定的差异:日本本国的贡献率分别为73.8%、77.1%和65.9%,中国的贡献率分别为23.5%、20.2%和25.8%. 韩国本土总硫的本国贡献率为67.8%,中国的贡献率为27.2%. 对韩国济州岛和日本冲绳而言,二者总硫的本国贡献率均为26.0%,远低于日、韩两国的其他地区,不能代表国家间跨界输送的总体状况. 受体区域跨界输送的总硫季节变化明显,而且各区域的变化趋势也并不一致,其中日本南部地区和韩国本土1月最强,7月最弱;日本北部和中部地区在4月最强,1月最弱. 跨界传输的总硫对日本和韩国总硫贡献量小于2.5 μg/m3.对于日、韩两国影响较大的中国源区主要为山东、河北、江苏、辽宁等地,各源区对于日、韩总硫贡献量的季节变化明显. 东亚地区低空总硫的传输通量空间分布与利用CAMx模拟的2010年日本和韩国总硫的源-受体关系结果相一致.      

高含硫气田地面集输系统防腐技术综合应用浅析

针对高含硫气田地面集输系统中H2S、CO2严重腐蚀管道和容器的问题,分析了腐蚀产生机理和破坏形式。以四川省境内的普光气田为例,阐述了实际采取的各种防腐措施,主要包括:选择抗蚀材料,严格控制焊接工艺,对输送的天然气进行保温外输,使用缓蚀剂,防止冷凝水析出以及避免管道弯头和突出部位的紊流。在此基础上,分析了目前主要的在线腐蚀监测方法的特点,介绍了普光所用的在线监测技术及其监测系统。各种防腐和在线监测技术的综合应用,对于保障高含硫气田安全生产和运行具有重要意义。     

球阀处硫颗粒运移沉降规律数值模拟研究

元素硫在集输管道中沉积会引起堵塞和腐蚀问题,球阀处是集输管道中较易出现大量硫沉积的部位之一。为此,采用数值模拟的方法研究高含硫天然气中析出的硫颗粒在球阀处的运移沉降规律,选用雷诺应力模型模拟球阀处的流场,选用Lagrange颗粒轨道模型追踪硫颗粒在球阀处的运动轨迹,探讨影响硫颗粒在球阀处沉积的因素。结果表明:气流进入球阀内将会出现压力损失和流动分离,气流进口速度和球阀开度会对流场产生影响;硫颗粒在球阀处的沉积率随气流流速和颗粒直径的增大而增大,随球阀开度的增大而减小;重力和离心力是造成硫颗粒在球阀处出现大量沉积的重要原因。     

Deciphering the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of synthetic sulfate-containing wastewater

• UASB reactor can work efficiently with high COD/SO₄^2- ratios when SDBS exists. • Outcome of the competition between SRB and MPA was affected by SDBS. • Presence of SDBS makes methanogens with H₂/CO₂ as a substrate dominant. • Microbial diversity decreases in the presence of SDBS. In this study, the effects of organic sulfur on anaerobic biological processes were investigated by operating two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a representative of organic sulfur. The results indicated that the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of R2 (with SDBS added) were higher than those of R1 (without SDBS) when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was above 5.0. However, when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was lower than 5.0, the sulfate reduction efficiency of R2 was higher than that of R1. These results and the observed SDBS transformation efficiency in anaerobic reactors indicate that low concentrations of SDBS accelerate methane production and the continuous accumulation of SDBS does not weaken the reduction of sulfate. Similarly, the calculated electron flux for a COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio of 1.0 indicates that the utilization intensity of electrons by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in R2 was 36.48% higher than that of SRB in R1 and exceeded that of methane-producing archaea (MPA) under identical working conditions. Moreover, the addition of SDBS in R2 made sulfidogenesis the dominant reaction at low COD/SO₄²⁻, and Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter with H₂/CO₂ as the substrate and Desulfomicrobium were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively. However, methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction in R1, and Methanosaeta with acetic acid as the substrate and Desulfovibrio were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively.     

石河子市大气硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫浓度的相关性分析

对石河子市2000-2002年间硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫监测数据进行了相关分析,结果表明,二者浓度之间具有显著的相关性。并由此建立了符合各监测点环境状况的回归方程。     

Photochemical transformations of selected organic chemicals in two phase system

The photodegradation of some aromatic sulfur compounds dissolved in n‐hexane and spread as a thin liquid film on water was investigated. Dibenzothiophene and diphenylsulfide were found to be the most reactive towards photooxidation process among the compounds studied. The degraded compounds were investigated by HPLC and GC/MS.     

我国空气污染物人为源排放清单对比

空气污染物排放清单是影响数值模式结果准确性的关键因子之一. 定义不同排放清单中同一污染物排放量最大值与最小值之差与平均值的比值为差异度,对比分析了4个国内外广泛应用的人为污染源排放清单(TRACE-P、INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0). 结果表明:INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0清单中给出的2006—2007年我国(不包括港澳台地区数据)SO₂排放量差异度为12%,而在SO₂排放量较大的省份(如山东、河北和河南等)差异度达30%以上; NO_x和NMVOC(非甲烷挥发性有机物)的排放量差异度分别为51%和30%,在山东、江苏、浙江、北京和上海等经济较发达地区的差异度达到20%~80%. 相对于2000年的排放清单,2006—2007年排放清单各污染物的排放量增长明显,SO₂、NO_x和NMVOC的排放量在INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0清单中的平均值分别为TRACE-P清单的1.6、1.9和1.5倍. 近年来经济的高速发展、能源消耗的增长和空气污染控制技术的应用等都会影响人为活动水平和排放因子的选取,这也是造成排放清单间存在差异的主要原因.