加压溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中的三嗪类农药

建立了加压溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱法,用于测定土壤中的10种三嗪类农药。以正己烷-丙酮(体积比1∶1)为萃取剂,对土壤样品进行加压溶剂萃取。将提取液净化浓缩后,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行检测,根据保留时间和特征离子定性,内标法定量。10种三嗪类农药在0.05～5 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好(相关系数≥0.997),检出限为0.002～0.003 mg/kg。对实际土壤样品进行高、中、低浓度加标,测得的回收率范围为66.7%～102%,相对标准偏差范围为0.79%～5.49%。该方法简便可靠、灵敏度高,适用于土壤中三嗪类农药的测定。     

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.     

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间（1月21~28日）广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS）数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS建立了烟花爆竹快速溯源方法,分析了烟花爆竹源单颗粒化学成分.结果表明,烟花爆竹燃放对燃放区及禁止燃放区的空气质量都造成显著影响,广州市PM_2.5、PM₁₀和SO₂质量浓度在除夕夜间迅速升高.烟花爆竹集中燃放时段（1月25日01：00~06：00）,主要影响了增城区、白云区、黄埔区及天河区部分区域的空气质量.建立了基于SPAMS以Al⁺为示踪物及最快5 min时间分辨率的烟花爆竹快速溯源方法.烟花爆竹源颗粒主要颗粒类型是左旋葡聚糖、富钾和矿物质类颗粒.烟花爆竹源颗粒含有丰富的硝酸盐,但不利于铵盐的形成.     

西南典型区域夏季大气含氧挥发性有机化合物来源解析

含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）是大气光化学过程中的重要中间产物,是臭氧的重要来源之一.利用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪（PTR-TOF-MS）在成都平原对OVOCs进行观测,探讨其日变化特征、光化学反应活性、臭氧生成潜势和来源.结果表明,10个VOCs［乙醛、丙酮、异戊二烯、甲基乙基酮（methyl ethyl ketone,MEK）、甲基乙烯基甲酮（methyl vinyl ketone,MVK）、甲基丙烯醛（methacrolein,MACR）、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯、C8芳香烃和C9芳香烃］总浓度（体积分数）为（10.97±4.69）×10^-9,OVOCs为（8.54±3.44）×10^-9,芳香烃为（1.53±0.93）×10^-9,生物源VOCs为（0.90±0.32）×10^-9;光化学活性和臭氧生成潜势均排名前三的物种为：异戊二烯、乙醛和C8芳香烃;3个OVOCs物种（乙醛、丙酮和MEK）主要来源于本地生物源和人为二次源,且丙酮有较强的区域背景值,说明该地区的污染受到较为显著的区域传输的影响.本研究可加深对西南地区臭氧的区域形成机制的认识,为科学管控臭氧污染提供依据.     

运城秋冬季大气细粒子化学组成特征及来源解析

为研究运城市秋冬季细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的化学组成特征和污染来源贡献,于2018年10月15日至2019年3月15日利用四通道小流量颗粒物采样器在运城市对大气PM_2.5样品进行了连续采集.主要对水溶性离子、元素碳、有机碳和金属元素等化学成分进行了分析,并结合颗粒物化学质量重构法和正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）深入探讨.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5质量浓度范围为29.37~370.11 μg·m^-3,期间有101 d高于我国《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095-2012）中的二级标准,超标率为70.63%,说明秋冬季运城市大气污染较为严重.按照空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）将采集样品分类为清洁,轻-中度污染和重度-严重污染,水溶性离子、有机碳、元素碳和金属元素分别占总PM_2.5浓度的40%、19%、5%、7%（清洁天）,46%、18%、4%、5%（轻-中度污染）和46%、21%、4%、4%（重度-严重污染）.二次离子NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺是水溶性离子主要成分,分别占总离子浓度的81%（清洁天）、87%（轻-中度污染）和87%（重度-严重污染）.采样期间OC/EC的值分别为3.78（清洁天）、4.02（轻度-中度污染）和5.37（重度-严重污染）.随着污染程度的加剧,大气中二次有机气溶胶的污染情况也越发严重.此外,随着大气污染程度的加深,Fe和Cr元素浓度逐渐下降,而其余金属元素的浓度总体呈上升趋势.化学质量重构结果表明在运城市的PM_2.5中,二次无机盐、海盐、重金属、矿物尘、建筑尘、有机物和元素碳的质量分数分别为40%、1%、1%、5%、1%、32%和5%,且随着污染的加剧,二次无机盐的占比有所升高,矿物尘的占比降低.PMF分析结果表明,二次相关源、燃煤源、交通源与生物质燃烧及二次有机物是运城市灰霾暴发的主要原因.     

淮河流域南四湖可挥发性有机物污染特征及风险评价

通过调查南四湖可挥发性有机物的污染特征并对生态风险和健康风险进行评价,2017年11月在南四湖25个取样点采得水样,利用吹扫捕集和GC-MS对52种VOCs进行检测.乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯、1,2-二氯苯和萘检出率达到100%;顺式1,3-二氯丙烯和甲苯的检出率为96%;1,2,4-三甲基苯的检出率最低,仅为12%;1,2-二氯苯平均浓度最高,达到3.49 μg·L^-1,1,2,4-三甲基苯平均浓度最低仅为0.02 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体中1,2-二氯苯浓度总体上高于其他VOCs,间/对-二甲苯和乙苯在NSH-24号点位浓度远超过该点位其他的VOCs,但所有VOCs中值均未超过4 μg·L^-1.南四湖水体VOCs浓度的空间分布呈现西北和东南两端高,中部低的特点.造成南四湖VOCs污染的主要原因可能是航运船只航行过程中排放的尾气,次要原因为上下游支流中VOCs的汇集和人为因素影响.对南四湖的健康风险评价发现,总体上看南四湖并无致癌或非致癌的健康风险,但个别点位的风险值偏高,甚至超过US EPA规定的风险阈值.南四湖有12个点位的生态风险商值超过了1,即存在对水生生物的生态风险.     

软弱煤岩体巷道围岩锚固力衰减特性研究

软弱煤岩体巷道围岩存在强度低、胶结程度差、遇水弱化等特点,正常树脂锚固时出现锚固力低、衰减速度快等问题,易造成巷道围岩严重变形破坏。利用自行研发的锚固孔底单翼倒楔形扩孔装置进行孔底扩孔锚固试验,分析了软弱煤岩体不同锚固状态下锚固力与位移的变化关系。试验结果表明:正常锚固和扩孔锚固状态下脱锚点发生前锚固力与位移曲线表现一致,脱锚点发生后正常锚固状态下残余锚固力瞬间衰减到几乎为0,而扩孔锚固状态下残余锚固力衰减程度较小,并出现残余锚固力大于脱锚力的情况;扩孔锚固状态下脱锚点处扩孔锚固的最大锚固力比正常锚固状态下平均提高2.8倍。软弱煤岩体锚固段发生脱锚界面为锚固剂与孔壁的交界面,脱锚后扩孔段锚固剂对倒楔形孔壁产生挤压破坏,从而提高了软弱煤岩体残余锚固力。试验结果为解决软弱煤岩体巷道锚网支护技术难题提供重要借鉴。     

不同通风条件下柴油池火的实验研究

为了分析不同通风条件对柴油池火燃烧特性及引燃特性的影响,进行205 mm带水垫层柴油池火的引燃实验,通过对池火燃料的质量损失速率、火焰高度、温度及热辐射等的监测,分析通风环境中柴油池火的热传递规律。结果表明:当风速为0.5 m/s时,火灾进入旺盛阶段的时间提前,火焰平均温度最高;当风速为1 m/s时,风速的增加导致油池火的质量损失速率增加,位于主火源下风向的待引燃火源获得的热辐射通量增大,火灾旺盛阶段火焰的平均温度降低,火焰高度降低,下风向相邻油盘引燃的时间提前;1 m/s情况下,205 mm带水垫层柴油池火的安全间距需增加到1D以上;通风环境对池火发展及蔓延的影响是显著的,应适当加大下风向可燃物的安全间距,合理选择通风排烟风速,优化火灾应急救援策略。     

生物质型煤固硫添加剂的固硫增强作用

在管式炉中进行了生物质型煤的燃烧固硫试验,考察了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和MnO₂共3种添加剂对钙基固硫剂的固硫增强作用.结果表明,只有Al₂O₃增强了型煤的固硫作用.通过TGA试验进一步证实,在还原性气氛下Al₂O₃可有效地抑制固硫产物CaSO₄的高温分解.XPS和XRD分析表明,Al₂O₃通过与CaSO₄和CaO作用,形成了热稳定性高的复盐CaSO₄·3CaO·3Al₂O₃,并包裹在CaSO₄晶体的表面,从而抑制了CaSO₄的分解.     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.