硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及处理研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理,研究结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn、Cd超标,锰渣加石灰混合处理的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的重量比为25:2最佳.     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化处理试验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分、重金属物质的含量及浸出浓度进行测试分析.结果表明,飞灰中Pb和Cr等重金属物质浸出量超过浸出毒性标准,因而被认为是危险废物,必须进行固化处理.还考察了水泥对焚烧飞灰中重金属物质固化的效果,研究表明当飞灰掺量适当时,重金属物质的固化效果良好.重金属物质通过物理固封、替代,沉淀反应和吸附等形式可固化进水泥水化产物结构中.     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

Effect of arsenic and mercury speciation on inhibition of respiration rate in activated sludge systems

The inhibition effect of arsenite, As(III), arsenate, As(V), inorganic mercury, Hg(II) and methylmercury, MeHg, on the respiration rate of activated heterotrophic sludge microorganisms was evaluated. As(III) and MeHg were much more toxic to activated sludge than As(V) and Hg(II) respectively. The effect of various experimental parameters on the toxicity, such as sludge age, concentration of suspended solids and exposure time, was investigated. An increase of sludge age or the concentration of suspended solids reduces the observed inhibition. Longer exposure seems to dramatically increase the inhibition of As(III), MeHg and Hg(II) during the first hours of exposure, while the later inhibition increases at a slower rate. On the contrary, in the presence of As(V), 24 hours after exposure, the respiration rate was similar to that of the control biomass.     

Probabilistic approaches in the effect assessment of toxic chemicals. What are the benefits and limitations?

There is an ongoing discussion whether in the environmental risk assessment for chemicals the so called 'deterministic' approach using point estimates of exposure and effect concentrations is still appropriate. Instead, the more detailed and scientifically sounder probabilistic methods that have been developed over the last years are widely recommended. Here, we present the results of a probabilistic effect assessment for the aquatic environment performed for the pesticide methyl parathion and compare them with the results obtained with the common deterministic approach as described in the EU Technical Guidance Document. Methyl parathion was chosen because a sufficient data set (acute toxicity data for about 70 species) was available. The assumptions underlying the probabilistic effect assessment are discussed in the light of the results obtained for methyl parathion. Two important assumptions made by many studies are: (i) a sufficient number of ecologically relevant toxicity data is available, (ii) the toxicity data follow a certain distribution such as log-normal. Considering the scarcity of data for many industrial chemicals, we conclude that these assumptions would not be fulfilled in many cases if the probabilistic assessment was applied to the majority of industrial chemicals. Therefore, despite the well-known limitations of the deterministic approach, it should not be replaced by probabilistic methods unless the assumptions of these methods are carefully checked in each individual case, which would significantly increase the effort for the assessment procedure.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

甲基异柳磷和三唑磷对几种淡水鱼的毒性比较

测定了有机磷杀虫剂甲基异柳磷和三唑磷对淡水鲳Ｃｏｌｏｓｓｏｍａ ｂｒａｃｈｙｐｏｍｕｍ尼罗罗非鱼Ｔｉｌａｐｉａ ｎｉｌｏｔｉｃａ和麦穗鱼Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｓｂｏｒａ ｐａｒｖａ的急性毒性。其中甲基异柳磷对三种鱼的９６ｈＬＣ５０分别为１．３４、１．４６和０．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ,三唑磷为０．０６、０．０３５和０．００８ｍｇ／Ｌ,该测定结果表明,在常规用药条件下,甲基异柳磷对鱼类较为安全。     

水生毒理联合效应相加指数法

在水体中往往是多种污染物共存，它们彼此相互影响，产生协同、加合或拮抗作用。本文以联合效应相加指数法研究污染物对水生生物的毒性作用。     

铝对豌豆根边缘细胞存活率和粘胶层厚度的影响

根边缘细胞（Root border cells）是从根冠游离并聚集在根尖周围的一群特殊细胞，铝毒的作用部位正是根尖，因此推测边缘细胞在铝毒反应中起着重要作用。作者研究了不同铝浓度（0、50、100、250、500μmol／L AlCl3（含0．1mmol／L CaCl2，pH4．5）与离体豌豆（Pisum Sativum）根边缘细胞共培养1h、2h、4h、6h、8h、24h后根边缘细胞存活率、粘胶层厚度及细胞数量的变化，以揭示铝毒胁迫边缘细胞的响应。结果为：随着处理时间的延长，边缘细胞的存活率明艰下降；在0～100μmol／L铝浓度范围，边缘细胞存活率有随铝浓度升高而降低的趋势；8h及24h边缘细胞存活率为铝浓度500μmol／L时显著高于0、50、100和250μmol／L时，6h边缘细胞存活率为250和500μmol／L铝浓度时显著高于0、50、100μmol／L AlCl3时。随处理时间延长，边缘细胞数量降低，铝浓度100，250和500μmol／L时边缘细胞数量低于0和50μmol／L时，且铝浓度越高，细胞数量越少；随处卵时间延长和铝浓度升高，粘胶层相对面积增加，铝浓度500和250μmol／L时粘胶层相对面积增加尤为明湿。通过与pH7．01水溶液及pH4．50水溶液中粘胶层变化的比较，发现粘胶层在铝处理8h后出现一个峰值，可能是粘胶物质的诱导合成和分泌。研究结果表明，铝毒对根边缘细胞具有致死效应，这种致死效应在一定浓度范围符合剂量依数性关系，高浓度时则边缘细胞存活率反而升高，这与根边缘细胞对铝毒作出的适应性响应——粘胶层的增厚和细胞降解增强有关。粘胶层起着保护和减轻边缘细胞铝毒的作用。     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18