Elemental Analysis of Water and Sediments by External Beam Pixe Part 3: Axios (Vardar) River, Greece

The Axios (Vardar) River originates from the south west part of Yugoslavia, transverses Greece, and discharges into the Thermaikos bay in the north Aegean Sea.

The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with external beam was used for the elemental analysis of water and sediment samples, while measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity, pH, and the water flow were made in situ. Water samples were also analysed for total phosphates, nitrates, chlorophyll, and BOD. The data collected for a 16-month period indicate that the Axios River is polluted as far as the metal content is concerned; its primary productivity is low and it is slightly enriched during its course into the Greek territory.     

ESTIMATING CENTRAL TENDENCY FROM UNCENSORED TRACE LEVEL MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The statistical analysis of data which have trace level measurements has traditionally been a two-step process in which data are first censored using criteria based on measurement precision, and then analyzed with statistical methods for censored data. The process might be more informative if data were left uncensored. In this paper, information loss attributable to censoring and measurement noise are assessed by comparing the sample mean and median of uncensored measurements with a log regression mean and median based on censored data. Measurements are derived from lognormal parent distributions which have random variability characteristic of trace level measurement. The relative performance of estimators used with error-free samples and with samples having measurement noise can be explained by differences between the probability distributions of parents and measurements. Measurement introduces bias and dispersion and transforms lognormal parent distributions toward greater symmetry. Estimates using uncensored data are less biased and more accurate than the log regression mean and median when censoring exceeds about 50 percent, and are not much worse at any fraction censored. For data with many (80 percent) results below the limit of detection, bias may be quite severe.     

TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENT: SPATIAL TRENDS AND SORPTION PROCESSES1

ABSTRACT: Sediment bound trace metals are often examined for spatial trends such as downstream patterns or distance from a source. Spatial trends may indicate either differences in metal inputs, or, when considerable sediment variability exists, differences in sediment sorption processes. These two possibilities become important not only when sediment contamination is evaluated within an area, but also when regulatory agencies attempt to make equivalent among area decisions. Sediments from an urban watershed were examined for: (1) downstream trace metal trends and (2) sediment sorption relationships. Analyses determined that downstream trenda as related to metal inputs could not be recognized by analyzing the < 2mm (≤, sand) sediment size fraction. Conversely, the trace metal concentrations were found to be distinctly related to sediment characteristics. The watershed's metal concentrations are similar to those found in uncontaminated to slightly contaminated sediments in the United States.     

辽河平原土壤背景值区域特征及分布规律

本文对辽河平原各土类、亚类、土属、区域土壤背景值含量范围和区域特征进行了探讨,并列出该区土壤元素间相互关系回归方程和相关矩阵,研究结果表明:(1)该区多数土壤元素含量处于世界土壤元素含量的下限;(2)土壤变异系数多为30—50%;(3)各剖面中元素迁移系数为0.9—1.0;(4)土壤元素背景值分布规律为东南部大于西、北部。     

Time series analysis of elemental and isotopic data from biomineralized whale tissue

A temporal record of environmental conditions is often contained within accretionary biological tissue. These records can provide knowledge of the environmental conditions that existed at the time the tissue was formed. In this study, we look at trace element concentrations and isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen as contained in baleen from bowhead whales in the eastern and western Arctic Ocean. Time series techniques, including maximum likelihood method and likelihood ratio tests, are applied to analysis of data and inference about their mean structures.     

北京东郊污灌区表层土壤微量元素的小尺度空间结构特征

岩溶山区表土中＾７Ｂｅ、＾１３７Ｃｓ、＾２２６Ｒａ和＾２２８Ｒａ地球化学相分配的实验研究表明，４种核素绝大部分存在于Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ氧化物，有机质及残渣相中。它们在表土的迁移过程中具微粒迁移性，能较好地随土粒般运，可作为土粒侵蚀或沉积的示踪剂。     

Interactions of copper,cadmium and molybdenum in buffalo calves:the levels of trace element in blood,urine and tissues

Ten male buffalo calves were randomly allotted into five groups of two each. Four groups were fed with cadmium, molybdenum, cadmium-molybdenum, and copper-cadmium-molybdenum respectively for 130 days to determine the elements' metabolic interactions in calves. These results indicated that cadmium and molybdenum could increase the accumulation of molybdenum and cadmium in liver and kidneys in buffalo calves, but copper could not. reduce to normal the levels of molybdenum and cadmium in liver and kidneys caused by cadmium-molybdenum. In addition, we found the copper concentrations in liver and kindeys was significantly greater in treatment calves than in controls.     

煤矸石中有害微量元素的静态淋溶试验研究

在煤矸石的静态淋溶试验的基础上。研究了7-种有害微量元素的淋溶特性，分析了微量元素析出的影响因素。结果表明，淋溶液最终pH呈弱碱性：元素溶出浓度与淋溶时间，淋溶温度，煤矸石粒径，淋溶液pH值以及元素在煤矸石中的含量，赋存状态、本身性质有密切关系。     

湖泊沉积物-水界面铁的微生物地球化学循环及其与微量金属元素的关系

沉积物容纳了来自流域自然风化及人为排放的各种金属元素,成为一个潜在的"化学炸弹"。微生物以其体积小、繁殖快、具有巨大的比表面积等特点可以大大地改变微量金属在环境中的分布。铁在陆地水体 沉积物环境中具有很高的丰度、合适的电化学特性,在好氧、厌氧转换的界面环境中强烈地推动了早期成岩作用。本文针对铁在亚表面水环境中的重要性,侧重介绍了沉积物 水界面的铁的微生物地球化学循环过程,以及这一过程对蓄积在沉积物中的微量金属元素的重新分布的影响机制。     

Element background levels in soils of Liaohe River Plain

Soil background contents of a number of elements of different soil groups, sub-groups and genus on Liaohe River Plain were investigated. It appeared that: the background levels for most elements studied were around the lower limits of the world's averages, variation coefficients of the background content values were from 0.3-0.5 and the element migration coefficients were between 0.9 and 1.0. It was found that the element background contents in soils of eastern and southern parts of the area were generally higher than that of western and northern parts.