基于两种样品前处理方法对比研究小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中痕量元素

通过对唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川雪坑中非季风季节沉积的雪样分别进行酸化处理和消解处理后,利用高分辨扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪(ICP-SFMS)测试了样品中19种痕量元素(Ba、U、Sr、Rb、Tl、Mo、Cs、Pb、Sb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Al、Cu、Ti、Li、As)的酸化浓度和总浓度.研究结果表明,痕量元素浓度的变化范围较大,元素Al的最大/最小浓度比为326(酸化浓度)和465(总浓度),元素Pb相应比值为27和48.雪冰中痕量元素的总浓度一般大于该元素的酸化浓度,其中,元素Pb、Fe、Sb、Ba、Al、Ti的酸化浓度占总浓度的平均比值分别为91%、76%、60%、52%、33%和21%.一般地,样品中不溶微粒含量越大,酸化浓度占总浓度的比值越小;不溶微粒含量越小,则相反.对痕量元素的富集系数(EF)分析表明,各元素总浓度EF均值小于酸化浓度EF均值,揭示了用酸化浓度计算EF存在对痕量元素人为来源影响的高估.人类排放是小冬克玛底冰川中痕量元素的来源之一,对于元素Mo和Sb,人类排放估计是主要来源.利用后向轨迹模型模拟出小冬克玛底冰川雪冰中痕量元素在非季风季节主要来源于青藏高原西部及中亚中东地区.     

Cytogenotoxicity and histopathological assessment of Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)

The cytogenotoxicity and histopathological alterations induced by xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River on Synodontis clarias were investigated. Fish from these water bodies and a fish farm (control) were examined for micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood. Also gill, liver, kidney, and ovary were processed for histopathology using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Concentrations of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in the water were determined. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in micronucleated, binucleated, and immature erythrocytes in both gill and peripheral blood of S. clarias from the lagoon and river compared to the reference site. Loss and disorganization of the primary and secondary lamellae, multifocal degeneration, hemorrhages, cellular infiltration, congestions, vacuolations, atresia, and necrosis were common lesions in the examined tissues of fish from the lagoon and river. Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in water samples from the lagoon and river were higher than the reference site. Xenobiotics in Lekki Lagoon and Ogun River, mostly metals, induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathological damage in S. clarias.     

Contamination and vertical distribution of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Pb,Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from tailings retention ponds

The contamination and vertical distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from the tailings retention pond were investigated. As, Cr, Cu, and Zn were slightly contaminated in the surface soil and hence their vertical distribution was not obvious. However, Cd and Pb were highly contaminated in the surface soil, while their concentrations decreased with depth, being negatively correlated with pH and positively with total organic matter. Tl was considerably contaminated in the surface soil and a V-shaped vertical distribution was observed where the concentration increased to a maximum at about 30 cm depth and decreased thereafter. The findings revealed that the regular irrigation with untreated leachate from the tailings retention ponds could cause considerable contamination of Cd, Pb, and Tl, and thus tailings should be stringently treated before disposal to minimize their potential environmental impacts on the surroundings.     

污泥掺烧对燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性影响

采用EPA Method 29方法、冷原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法采集和分析一台超低排放燃煤机组污泥掺烧前后的原燃料、烟气和副产物样品中各痕量元素浓度,研究污泥掺烧对燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性的影响.结果表明：污泥中富含Zn、Cu元素,浓度分别是煤样中的18.81倍和17.64倍.污泥掺烧使掺配后入炉煤中痕量元素含量普遍升高.污泥掺烧前后整个系统、锅炉系统和全流程大气污染控制设施的痕量元素质量平衡率均在可接受范围内.污泥掺烧对痕量元素的分布特征无明显影响,随粉煤灰排放是痕量元素的主要排放去向.通过烟囱排放到大气环境的痕量元素排放量占比很小,不超过0.43%.污泥掺烧前后SCR入口烟气中痕量元素除Hg外主要以颗粒态形式存在.污泥掺烧后各痕量元素在粉煤灰和底渣中的相对富集系数未显著改变.经过全流程大气污染控制设施协同控制后,污泥掺烧前后烟囱总排口痕量元素排放浓度分别为0~12.76,0~14.97μg/m³.污泥掺烧后痕量元素排放浓度均满足美国燃煤发电机组有害大气污染物排放标准、上海市燃煤耦合污泥电厂大气污染排放标准和生态环境部生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准的限值要求.现有的燃煤电厂大气污染控制系统对6%污泥掺烧比工况下痕量元素排放的控制具有较好的适应性.     

贵州省煤中挥发性和半挥发性微量元素分布规律的初步研究

研究了贵州省四大煤田不同层位、不同煤种中Hg,As,Se,Pb,Cd,Tl,Zn,Sb等挥发性和半挥发性微量元素的分布规律。贵州省原煤中Hg,As,Se,Pb,Cd,Sb等元素的含量高于地壳克拉克值;Tl,Zn等的含量低于地壳克拉克值;另外,除了Pb,Zn外,贵州省原煤中Hg,As,Se,Cd的含量远远高于东北和内蒙古东部地区。微量元素聚类分析结果表明,Hg,As,Sb可能主要分布于煤的黄铁矿中;Zn和Se可能主要赋存于闪锌矿中;Cd可能部分存在于硫化物中,部分存在于硅酸盐矿物相中;Pb可能主要存在于硅酸盐矿物相中;而Tl在煤中的赋存形式较复杂。     

EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES,BOISE RWER,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Aquatic communities in the Boise River were examined from October 1987 to March 1988 to determine whether they were adversely affected by trace elements in effluents from two Boise wastewater treatment facilities. Trace-element concentrations in the Boise River were less than or near analytical-detection levels and were less than chronic toxicity criteria when detectable. Insect communities colonizing artificial substrates upstream and downstream from the wastewater treatment facilities were strongly associated, and coefficients of community loss indicated that effluents had benign enriching effects. The distributions of trace-element-intolerant mayflies indicated that trace-element concentrations in effluents did not adversely affect intolerant organisms in the Boise River. Condition factor of whitefish was significantly increased downstream from the Lander Street wastewater treatment facility and was significantly decreased downstream from the West Boise wastewater treatment facility.     

Concurrent Chemical and Histological Analyses: Are They Compatible?

Bivalves are often used as sentinel organisms in monitoring programmes for trace organic contaminants. the animal's physiological state may be important in interpreting trends in contaminant body burden. Simultaneous evaluation of physiological state and organic contaminant concentration in bivalves typically involves removal of a lipid-rich cross-section of the body mass for histopathological and/or gonadal analysis.

In this study, the bias introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations, e.g. of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, are evaluated on five different size groups of oysters. As a test case, we evaluated the use of this method in the NOAA's Status & Trends Mussel Watch (NS&T) Programme. the average biases introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations in Gulf of Mexico oysters have been increasing since 1986 as a consequence of a continuous decrease in the size of the individuals sampled.     

碧水岩地下河中微量金属元素对降雨的响应特征及来源分析

在降雨条件下,利用自动采样器对广西碧水岩地下河出口进行高频采样,分析了碧水岩地下河出口水体中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等微量金属元素的水化学动态变化特征,探讨了地下河水中微量金属来源及其对降雨的响应机制.结果表明,地下河水化学组分表现出了较明显的规律,其中主要元素Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO-3等在降雨过程中稀释作用明显,而Al、Mn、TFe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等金属元素对降雨响应敏感,其质量浓度在降雨过程中有所升高,相应质量浓度曲线均表现出多峰值特点,且在最大降雨发生后第9 h达到最大峰值.推断水岩作用、河底沉积物再释放和水土流失是导致河水金属元素浓度增高的原因,金属元素不同来源及地下河双入口的结构特征是形成金属元素质量浓度曲线多峰值的原因,其中水岩作用引起的水化学变化较河底沉积物再释放和水土流失更敏感,而后者是导致河水重金属元素增加的主要原因.监测期间,溶质在地下河中的平均迁移速度约为0.47 km·h~(-1),污染物运移速度较快,因此,通过对岩溶地下河水化学动态的监测,掌握微量金属组分来源及迁移特性,对于地下河水环境污染治理具有重要意义.     

山西省武乡县城大气PM2.5痕量重金属的生态和健康风险分析

为了解山西省武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)污染特征及PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属的生态和健康风险,在分析县城环境空气质量状况的基础上,分别于秋季(2014-10-22~2014-11-19)和冬季(2015-01-12~2015-02-13)在武乡县环境保护局楼顶用中流量采样器采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,每天换膜一次,利用称重法计算PM_(2.5)浓度,运用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 7种元素含量,运用地累积指数法、生态风险指数法、相关性分析和主成分分析、美国环保署暴露模型等表征痕量重金属的污染程度、来源、潜在的生态和健康风险等.结果表明,冬季大气PM_(2.5)浓度是秋季的3倍左右,有65%的天数超过国家环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012);PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属来源主要包括燃煤和交通等人为源,贡献率分别为58.38%和18.73%,所测重金属浓度顺序为CuZnPbCrAsNiCd,其中Cd、Cu的生态风险指数、Cr的非致癌和致癌暴露风险大于其它金属.冬季燃煤增加和大气扩散条件差是武乡县城大气PM_(2.5)浓度超标以及造成痕量重金属生态和健康风险增大的主要原因.     

洋河流域不同土地利用类型土壤硒(Se)分布及影响因素

基于洋河流域土地利用方式、海拔高度、土壤、植被类型等采集流域上下游171个代表性表层土壤(0~10 cm),系统地分析了土壤总硒(Se)含量、分布及影响因素.结果表明,洋河流域土壤总Se含量(以干重(dw)计,下同)在0.02~3.24mg·kg-1之间,几何平均值为0.30 mg·kg-1,高于北京平原(0.20 mg·kg-1)、河北平原(0.19 mg·kg-1)和全国平均值(0.29mg·kg-1).洋河流域少Se(0.13~0.18 mg·kg-1)土壤主要分布在怀安县、宣化县以及怀来县,多数地区土壤处于足Se水平(0.18~0.45 mg·kg-1),除此之外,在万全县、兴和县、天镇县及阳高县分布有富Se(0.45~2.0 mg·kg-1)土壤.不同土地利用类型中Se含量有所差异,Se平均含量由高到低分别为:林地城镇工矿用地草地农业用地,其中农业用地平均含量为0.28 mg·kg-1.成土母质、土壤类型对洋河流域Se含量影响较小.黏粒含量与洋河流域表层土壤中Se相关性最好.Se含量随海拔增高显著增加,随p H增加显著减小.TOC、Fe和Al含量也是影响土壤Se含量的重要因素.