BASE FLOW TRENDS IN URBANIZING WATERSHEDS OF THE DELAWARE RIVER BASIN1

Rapid land development is raising concern regarding the ability of urbanizing watersheds to sustain adequate base flow during periods of drought. Long term streamflow records from unregulated watersheds of the lower to middle Delaware River basin are examined to evaluate the impact of urbanization and imperviousness on base flow. Trends in annual base flow volumes, seven‐day low flows, and runoff ratios are determined for six urbanizing watersheds and four reference watersheds across three distinct physiographic regions. Hydrograph separation is used to determine annual base flow and stormflow volumes, and nonparametric trend tests are conducted on the resulting time series. Of the watersheds examined, the expected effects of declining base flow volumes and seven‐day low flows and increasing stormflows are seen in only one watershed that is approximately 20 percent impervious and has been subject to a net water export over the past 15 years. Both interbasin transfers and hydrologic mechanisms are invoked to explain these results. The results show that increases in impervious area may not result in measurable reductions in base flow at the watershed scale.     

农户兼业阶段性分化探析

当前农户兼业的阶段性分化其本质是农户之间兼业进程的不统一,进而导致了严重的农村社会分化问题。本文利用江苏省苏北地区农户调研数据分析了当前农户兼业阶段性分化的现状及其带来的社会后果,利用似不相关双变量Probit模型分析了农户兼业阶段性分化的原因,得出了阻碍农户兼业发展的主要制约因素。结果显示,家庭人力资本稀缺是农户实现兼业生产的主要制约因素,农户无法进行非农工作主要是受到家庭人口规模小、老龄化严重的限制,这一部分农户家庭生活水平低,面临严重的"贫困陷阱"。政府直接干预土地流转使部分农户被动退出了农业生产,形式上实现了农户兼业进程的统一,但损害了农户的土地权益,造成农村土地产权不稳定,降低了农户自发性退农倾向,妨碍了土地市场的进一步发展,因此实质上对农户兼业进程起到了阻碍作用。此外,由于土地承包经营证书对承包经营权权能、地块四至等信息界定不清晰,对农户兼业进程的发展没有刺激作用。综合以上结论可知,土地产权以及农户家庭人力资本是导致当前农户阶段性分化的主要原因。政府不应对农村土地市场进行直接干预,而应通过完善农村社保体系、扶持农户非农就业、加快新一轮土地确权发证工作以促进土地市场与农户兼业进程的发展,在市场机制为主、政府调控为辅的环境下合理实现土地的集中与农业规模经营。     

基于生态足迹的武汉城市圈生态承载力评价和生态补偿研究

在推进新型城镇化和生态建设的背景下,客观定量评价区域生态环境状态,是当前我国生态建设重要而紧迫的任务之一。高密度的人类活动会对自然生态系统产生超负荷的压力,通过生态承载力的分析能够定量测度这种状况,为区域可持续发展提供借鉴意义。基于生态足迹模型,计算了2008年和2013年武汉城市圈各县域单元的生态足迹/承载力,并进行了时空变化分析。研究发现武汉城市圈各县域单元的生态足迹和生态承载力在空间上存在显著的差异性,生态足迹逐年增加,生态承载力的变化相对较小,出现两级分化的现象。根据生态足迹/承载力进行跨区县生态补偿测算,得到2008年和2013年武汉城市圈48个县域的转移支付情况,表明如果运用财政转移支付的手段,整个区域能够达到生态系统供给和需求动态平衡的目标,缓解武汉城市圈的生态压力,实现武汉城市圈的可持续发展。     

精细化工固定源废气采样时机的选择探讨

以某医药企业某产品生产过程为实例,综合各工段生产步骤、时间、废气产生情况及估算的污染物浓度等因素,绘制各污染因子排放规律图,从而确定各污染因子排放浓度(排放量)最大的1 h为最佳采样时机。     

政府干预农地流转:农户收入及资源配置效率

本文基于江苏省苏北地区灌云县和金湖县的农户调研,采用内生性处理回归模型考察政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响,并从农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率的角度解释农户收入变化的根源。研究结果表明,政府干预下土地流转对不同类型农户收入的影响效应有很大差异,农户土地转入后收入增加了161.2%,转出户收入并未显著增加;从农户资源配置角度考察,发现农户转入土地后农业生产效率显著提高,转出土地后农业生产率降低;农户土地转出后非农工作时间和工作报酬并未显著增加,表明转出户并未提高非农劳动力资源配置效率。同时,本文比较政府主导和农户自发两种类型农地流转对农户收入和资源配置效率的影响差异。结果发现,相对于自发土地流转的农户,政府主导下农户转入更大面积土地,并显著提高了单位面积土地生产效率和家庭收入水平;而政府干预土地转出不利于农户土地和劳动力资源配置效率及收入水平的提高。基于以上分析,本文认为政府干预降低了土地流转交易费用,有利于转入户扩大土地面积,实现规模经济效益,进而增加转入户收入;然而,政府干预下转出户资源配置面临较大约束,配置效率和收入都未能实现最大化。因此,政府在完善农地流转服务政策的同时,应当尊重农户土地流转意愿,使得农户土地流转符合家庭资源配置收入最大化目标。同时,要通过非农就业培训、发展非农经济,吸纳更多劳动力转移到非农业领域,进一步促进农村土地流转和规模经营,优化农村土地和劳动力资源配置效率,持续增加农民收入。     

Sulfur cycle as an electron mediator between carbon and nitrate in a constructed wetland microcosm

• Fe(III) accepted the most electrons from organics, followed by NO₃^‒, SO₄^2‒, and O₂. • The electrons accepted by SO₄^2‒ could be stored in the solid AVS, FeS₂-S, and S⁰. • The autotrophic denitrification driven by solid S had two-phase characteristics. • A conceptual model involving electron acceptance, storage, and donation was built. • S cycle transferred electrons between organics and NO₃^‒ with an efficiency of 15%. A constructed wetland microcosm was employed to investigate the sulfur cycle-mediated electron transfer between carbon and nitrate. Sulfate accepted electrons from organics at the average rate of 0.84 mol/(m³·d) through sulfate reduction, which accounted for 20.0% of the electron input rate. The remainder of the electrons derived from organics were accepted by dissolved oxygen (2.6%), nitrate (26.8%), and iron(III) (39.9%). The sulfide produced from sulfate reduction was transformed into acid-volatile sulfide, pyrite, and elemental sulfur, which were deposited in the substratum, storing electrons in the microcosm at the average rate of 0.52 mol/(m³·d). In the presence of nitrate, the acid-volatile and elemental sulfur were oxidized to sulfate, donating electrons at the average rate of 0.14 mol/(m³·d) and driving autotrophic denitrification at the average rate of 0.30 g N/(m³·d). The overall electron transfer efficiency of the sulfur cycle for autotrophic denitrification was 15.3%. A mass balance assessment indicated that approximately 50% of the input sulfur was discharged from the microcosm, and the remainder was removed through deposition (49%) and plant uptake (1%). Dominant sulfate-reducing (i.e., Desulfovirga, Desulforhopalus, Desulfatitalea, and Desulfatirhabdium) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., Thiohalobacter, Thiobacillus, Sulfuritalea, and Sulfurisoma), which jointly fulfilled a sustainable sulfur cycle, were identified. These results improved understanding of electron transfers among carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in constructed wetlands, and are of engineering significance.     

动态校准仪臭氧间接传递技术

对5台主流动态校准仪开展臭氧间接传递技术研究,对动态校准仪的准确性、可靠性、稳定性及臭氧传递的线性方程等性能参数进行了实验室考察。总体而言,发生型动态校准仪和分析型动态校准仪均可用于臭氧传递工作中。分析型动态校准仪可直接进行臭氧传递,发生型动态校准仪在臭氧传递前必须进行预校准。建议至少每3个月对发生型动态校准仪进行1次臭氧传递,每6个月对分析型动态校准仪进行1次臭氧传递。     

环境规制、省际产业转移对污染迁移的空间溢出效应

目前我国正在积极地探寻经济增长高质量发展,生态环境与经济持续、稳定的和谐发展至关重要。虽然政府制定了相关的环境治理政策,但我国环境治理整体效果仍然欠佳。自从分税制改革以来,地方政府为了获得较高经济效益,会放松对环境管理,导致环境治理高投入低成效。同时,由于区域经济发展不平衡导致政府在制定相关环境治理政策时带有区域性特点,迫使高污染高能耗企业迁移至环境规制相对薄弱的地区,由此产生污染迁移的现象。基于此,对2003—2017年30个省区市(港澳台和西藏除外)环境污染总指数的空间溢出效应进行探讨,构建动态空间杜宾模型研究环境规制、省际产业转移对污染迁移的影响。研究结果表明:①环境规制总体上对环境污染具有显著直接效应且存在正向空间溢出效应,当某省环境规制强度增加,环境污染总指数会降低,从而引起污染向相邻省份转移,造成相邻省份的环境污染总指数上升。②省际产业转移整体上对环境污染具有显著直接效应且存在负向空间溢出效应,当某省的产业转移到相邻省份时,会缓解本省环境污染,却加重相邻省份的环境污染程度。这就需要中央政府加强对于各省区市的环境管控,统筹各区域的联防联治机制。产业转移承接省份在招商引资的过程中不仅要考虑本省环境承载能力和环境治理能力,还要考虑入驻企业自身污染排放处理能力,并将污染排放指数纳入筛选条件。同时,产业转移承接省份要引入企业的生产工艺、技术、研发团队等,运用技术溢出效应提升区域环境治理水平。     

Experimental investigation of a solar water distillation-cum-drying unit

In this communication, a new design of solar-energy-based water distillation cum drying unit with parabolic reflector has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Bitter gourd and potato slices are chosen as a drying commodity. Thermal performance of the developed system has been evaluated based on the experimental results and using linear regression analysis. Heat transfer coefficients (convective, evaporative, and radiative) for solar distillation system have been observed to be 2.48–4.09, 13.25–52.38, and 8.75–9.66 W/m²°C, respectively. Overall thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency for the distillation system has been found to be 18.77% and 1.2%, respectively. The convective heat transfer coefficient for potato slices are observed higher for initial hours and decreases as the day progresses. The average convective heat transfer coefficients for bitter gourd and potato slices have been observed as 2.18 and 5.04 W/m²°C, respectively. Experimental error in terms of percent uncertainty for bitter gourd and potato slices are found to be 42.93% and 37.06%, respectively. The present design of solar distillation and drying in a single unit could be beneficial for the development of remote, arid, and rural areas.     

Development of heat transfer and evaporation model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam

Natural gas is a kind of clean, efficient green energy source, which is used widely. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to −161 °C, at which it becomes the liquid. Once LNG was released, fire or explosion would happen when ignition source existed nearby. The high expansion foam (Hi-Ex foam) is believed to quickly blanket on the top of LNG spillage pool and warm the LNG vapor to lower the vapor cloud density at the ground level and raising vapor buoyancy. To identify the physical structure after it contacted with LN₂ and to develop heat transfer model, the small-scale field test with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) was designed. In experiment, three layers including frozen ice layer, frozen Hi-Ex layer and soft layer of Hi-Ex foam were observed at the steady state. By characterizing physical structure of the foam, formulas for calculating the surface of single foam bubble and counting foam film thickness were deduced. The micro heat transfer and evaporation model between cryogenic liquid and Hi-Ex foam was established. Indicating the physical structure of the frozen ice layer, there were a certain number of icicles below it. The heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model between the frozen ice layer and LNG was derived. Combining models above with the heat transfer between LNG, ground and cofferdam, the heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam was developed eventually. Finally, LN₂ evaporation rate calculated by this model was compared with the measured evaporation rate. The calculated results are 1.2–2.1 times of experimental results, which were acceptable in engineering and proved the model was reliable.