土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶赋存对水稻生长的影响

为探究土壤中残留抗生素对植物生长的影响,选取土壤中检出率较高的磺胺类抗生素磺胺二甲嘧啶作为外源污染物,分析水稻苗期和成熟期生长指标、根系和叶片生理生化指标、水稻各器官中抗生素残留量和富集转运因子的变化特性,并评价水稻籽粒中残留磺胺二甲嘧啶的健康风险.结果表明,磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻株高和生物量的抑制作用存在于整个生长周期中,且苗期的影响大于生长成熟期,根部受到的影响大于苗部.苗期秧苗根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性和叶片叶绿素含量受到随抗生素含量增加而增大的抑制作用,而抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势表现出不同特征,具体为超氧化物歧化酶活性增强、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶先被激活后被抑制.磺胺二甲嘧啶在水稻各器官中的积累量表现为：根>叶>茎>籽粒,且水稻籽粒的抗生素风险评估结果显示EDI/ADI<0.1,不构成健康风险.生长成熟期土壤中磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻富集因子和转运系数的影响大于苗期.综合磺胺二甲嘧啶对水稻的不利影响,在水稻种植中施加畜禽粪便作为有机肥和使用养殖水进行农田灌溉时,需要关注磺胺二甲嘧啶的生态效应,保障水稻等作物的安全生产.     

城区与郊区PM2.5污染及传输特征差异性

基于云高仪激光雷达、飞机AMDAR数据和常规站点等多源观测数据,并与数值模拟（CAMx-PSAT模型）相结合,以京津冀典型城市——北京城区与郊区（密云）和石家庄城区与郊区（平山）为案例研究区域,对城区和郊区边界层高度差异（ΔPBLH）、地面PM_2.5浓度差异（ΔSurf_PM_2.5）、高空PM_2.5浓度差异（ΔVert_PM_2.5）和传输通量强度及高度分布特征差异进行分析.结果表明,由于人为热源、短波辐射和热力湍流等因素,导致城区年均边界层高度（PBLH）较郊区高8%~29%,且不同季节下城区PBLH月均较郊区高2%（石家庄4月）~47%（北京7月）.由于人为排放、逆温和大气湍流等共同作用,在0~1260 m之间等高度城区年均ρ（PM_2.5）较郊区高0.1（石家庄）~29.7（北京）μg ·m^-3,随高度增加而减小.城区年均总净通量强度远大于郊区,城区表现为流出,郊区表现为流入,是由于城区低压和郊区高压,形成城郊热力环流.北京城区和郊区与周边的年均总净通量强度之和（44.77 t ·d^-1）大于石家庄（34.44 t ·d^-1）.受风速和PM_2.5浓度的影响,在0~1260 m之间,城区和郊区与周边的净通量随离地高度的增加通量强度呈现明显增大趋势,其中1月城区和4月郊区与周边的传输交换对环境影响最为明显.不同季节下城区和郊区最大净通量的强度差异明显,两者相差2.23~4.48倍;但最大净通量强度的高度特征差异较小,主要位于611~1260 m.     

河口-近海环境新污染物的环境过程、效应与风险

在全球变化和人类活动双重影响下,大量陆源污染物特别是备受各国政府和民众关注的微塑料、新型持久性有机污染物以及药物和个人护理品等新污染物进入水体环境并迁移扩散,对近海生态环境安全和人体健康产生了巨大影响.综述国内外微塑料、全/多氟化合物、抗生素和内分泌干扰物等新污染物在河口-近海环境中的污染来源、时空分布和迁移传输等环境过程及其影响因素,分析探讨近海水生生态系统中新污染物产生的不良生态效应和风险,提出未来研究重点应关注河口-近海环境中多种新污染物的相互作用和新污染物产生的联合生态毒理效应及造成的生态和健康风险等,为陆海统筹下的海洋污染防治和海洋经济的健康发展提供科学依据.     

Activity-Based Patterns of Everyday Mobility: The Potential for Long-Term Behaviour Change Across Five Groups of Travellers

Abstract

Significant differences in our mobility patterns can be found in relation to both range/distance and form. While some people travel on multiple occasions to global destinations over the course of a year, others travel mainly locally, that is, by bicycle or on foot. Policymakers and planners need to have a clear conception of the different mobility patterns if they are to develop valid and precise measures promoting more sustainable forms of mobility. This paper points to five key mobility types based on an exploratory cluster analysis of approximately 20,000 Norwegian travel diaries. Three of the defined groups are dominated by the private car, while two are oriented towards the use of public transport, bicycling and walking. The key differences and similarities between the mobility types are discussed and the relationship between everyday travel patterns and long-distance travel is analysed. Opportunities and challenges for transformations in the everyday travel habits of the five groups are discussed in the final section.     

Where Sustainable Transport and Social Exclusion Meet: Households Without Cars and Car Dependence in Great Britain

Abstract

A secondary analysis of the British National Travel Survey for the years 2002–2010 shows that the composition of the group of carless households is a good indicator of the level of car dependence in a local area: indeed, while non-car ownership in peripheral and rural areas very often correspond to a marginal socio-demographic situation, this is less and less true as one moves towards larger urban areas. Similarly, while in sparse areas most households without cars are either virtually immobile or reliant on car lifts, in large urban areas the ‘mobility gap’ between car-owning and carless households is considerably smaller, as the latter are able to use modal alternatives to the car. These findings are interpreted with reference to an integrated theoretical framework, showing how changes in land use and the environmental and social impacts of increasing motorization are intimately linked. Notably, the consequences of the self-reinforcing cycle of car dependence on two forms of car-related transport disadvantage (car deprivation and forced car ownership) are highlighted. Overall, the article highlights how the socio-demographic composition and the travel behaviour of carless households vary systematically across different types of area: this has interesting implications for sustainable transport policy and research.     

Hyperautomobility and Governmentality in Auckland

Abstract

A number of cities around the world are associated with very high levels of private motor car usage, and Auckland provides an example of one of these ‘hyperautomobile’ cities. There are many problems with this system of transportation and dependence on the private car, including environmental, social and city design dimensions. Though there is a clear aspiration to move towards reduced levels of car usage in the city's transport and spatial planning strategies, there are major difficulties in implementation terms. We develop and consider future scenarios to 2041 to reduce these levels of motorization, and subsequent transport CO₂ emissions, with a much greater use of public transport, walking and cycling, urban planning, and low emission vehicles. The current implementability of such a ‘sustainable mobility’ future is however questioned in the current political and social context, and critically debated in terms of the available governance mechanisms and the limited attempts to shape the behaviour of the public. We conclude by calling for a reconsideration of the policy measures being considered, including the range and levels of application and investment; with a much wider framing of the transport planning remit, and carried out within a much stronger participatory framework for decision-making.     

Atmospheric fate of non-volatile and ionizable compounds

A modified version of the Multimedia Activity Model for Ionics MAMI, including two-layered atmosphere, air-water interface partitioning, intermittent rainfall and variable cloud coverage was developed to simulate the atmospheric fate of ten low volatility or ionizable organic chemicals. Probabilistic simulations describing the uncertainty of substance and environmental input properties were run to evaluate the impact of atmospheric parameters, ionization and air-water (or air-ice) interface enrichment.The rate of degradation and the concentration of OH radicals, the duration of dry and wet periods, and the parameters describing air-water partitioning (K_AW and temperature) and ionization (pK_a and pH) are the key parameters determining the potential for long range transport. Wet deposition is an important removal process, but its efficiency is limited, primarily by the duration of the dry period between precipitation events.Given the underlying model assumptions, the presence of clouds contributes to the higher persistence in the troposphere because of the capacity of cloud water to accumulate and transport non-volatile (e.g. 2,4-D) and surface-active chemicals (e.g. PFOA). This limits the efficiency of wet deposition from the troposphere enhancing long-range transport.     

Erosional Consequence of Saltcedar Control

Removal of nonnative riparian trees is accelerating to conserve water and improve habitat for native species. Widespread control of dominant species, however, can lead to unintended erosion. Helicopter herbicide application in 2003 along a 12-km reach of the Rio Puerco, New Mexico, eliminated the target invasive species saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), which dominated the floodplain, as well as the native species sandbar willow (Salix exigua Nuttall), which occurred as a fringe along the channel. Herbicide application initiated a natural experiment testing the importance of riparian vegetation for bank stability along this data-rich river. A flood three years later eroded about 680,000 m³ of sediment, increasing mean channel width of the sprayed reach by 84%. Erosion upstream and downstream from the sprayed reach during this flood was inconsequential. Sand eroded from channel banks was transported an average of 5 km downstream and deposited on the floodplain and channel bed. Although vegetation was killed across the floodplain in the sprayed reach, erosion was almost entirely confined to the channel banks. The absence of dense, flexible woody stems on the banks reduced drag on the flow, leading to high shear stress at the toe of the banks, fluvial erosion, bank undercutting, and mass failure. The potential for increased erosion must be included in consideration of phreatophyte control projects.     

Will photosynthetic capacity of aspen trees acclimate after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 and O3?

Photosynthetic acclimation under elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) and/or ozone (O₃) has been the topic of discussion in many papers recently. We examined whether or not aspen plants grown under elevated CO₂ and/or O₃ will acclimate after 11 years of exposure at the Aspen Face site in Rhinelander, WI, USA. We studied diurnal patterns of instantaneous photosynthetic measurements as well as A/C_i measurements monthly during the 2004-2008 growing seasons. Our results suggest that the responses of two aspen clones differing in O₃ sensitivity showed no evidence of photosynthetic and stomatal acclimation under either elevated CO₂, O₃ or CO₂ + O₃. Both clones 42E and 271 did not show photosynthetic nor stomatal acclimation under elevated CO₂ and O₃ after a decade of exposure. We found that the degree of increase or decrease in the photosynthesis and stomatal conductance varied significantly from day to day and from one season to another.     

Incorporating layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in numerical simulation of unsaturated flow and tracer transport

This study characterizes layer- and local-scale heterogeneities in hydraulic parameters (i.e., matrix permeability and porosity) and investigates the relative effect of layer- and local-scale heterogeneities on the uncertainty assessment of unsaturated flow and tracer transport in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, USA. The layer-scale heterogeneity is specific to hydrogeologic layers with layerwise properties, while the local-scale heterogeneity refers to the spatial variation of hydraulic properties within a layer. A Monte Carlo method is used to estimate mean, variance, and 5th, and 95th percentiles for the quantities of interest (e.g., matrix saturation and normalized cumulative mass arrival). Model simulations of unsaturated flow are evaluated by comparing the simulated and observed matrix saturations. Local-scale heterogeneity is examined by comparing the results of this study with those of the previous study that only considers layer-scale heterogeneity. We find that local-scale heterogeneity significantly increases predictive uncertainty in the percolation fluxes and tracer plumes, whereas the mean predictions are only slightly affected by the local-scale heterogeneity. The mean travel time of the conservative and reactive tracers to the water table in the early stage increases significantly due to the local-scale heterogeneity, while the influence of local-scale heterogeneity on travel time gradually decreases over time. Layer-scale heterogeneity is more important than local-scale heterogeneity for simulating overall tracer travel time, suggesting that it would be more cost-effective to reduce the layer-scale parameter uncertainty in order to reduce predictive uncertainty in tracer transport.