Degradation and reduction of acute toxicity of environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using VUV photolysis and TiO2 photocatalysis in acidic and basic aqueous solutions

Degradation and toxicity reduction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were investigated using TiO₂ adsorption, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis, and VUV/TiO₂ photocatalysis in acidic and basic aqueous solutions. Chemical analyses of PFOA and its selected by-products and an acute toxicity assessment using the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®) were conducted during and after the various treatment methods. PFOA was found to be best treated by VUV/TiO₂ at pH 4 with HClO₄, as illustrated by the almost complete degradation of PFOA within 360?min and rapid removal of acute microbial toxicity within 60?min. This difference in the efficiency may be attributed to the strong oxidation effectiveness of the radical species generated in acidic media and the electron scavenger effect of the addition of HClO₄ in VUV/TiO₂ photocatalysis. In addition, the proposed method could effectively decompose other perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) species (C₃–C₇ perfluoroalkyl groups) if the initial intermediates formed were longer-chain species that degraded stepwise into shorter-chain compounds by VUV photolysis and VUV/TiO₂ photocatalysis in acidic and basic aqueous solutions.     

紫外光催化氧化在污水处理厂除臭工程中的应用

通过采用合适的构筑物加盖形式,设计合理的换气次数,采用自行研制的紫外光催化氧化设备处理广东某污水处理厂产生的恶臭气体,运行结果表明:该设备具有除臭效率高、操作简单、阻力小及不产生二次污染的优良性能;该工艺对产生恶臭的物质均能达标排放,且占地少,投资省,适合用于城镇污水处理厂除臭工程,具有良好的经济效益和广阔的发展前景。     

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶的波谱学数据与结构分析

2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶是重要的农药中间体.以3-甲基吡啶为原料通过光氯化反应合成2-氯-5-三氯甲基吡啶,经分离后得到纯度为99.5%的产品.利用红外(IR)、紫外(UV)、质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)等实验技术研究了其波谱学特征,详细讨论了该化合物的1HNMR、13CNMR谱,并对所有1HNMR、13CNMR谱的信号进行了归属.讨论了红外吸收特征峰对应官能团的振动形式,样品的官能团与目标化合物一致.该方法为此类化合物的结构解析提供了有益的分析依据.     

氯消毒和紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水中粪大肠菌群耐药性的影响

为考察城市污水处理厂消毒方式对出水中细菌耐药性的影响,使用二沉池出水进行氯消毒和紫外消毒试验. 选择AMP(氨苄西林)、TET(盐酸四环素)、CIP(环丙沙星)和CHL(氯霉素)作为典型的抗生素,研究消毒前后粪大肠菌群耐药率的变化. 结果表明:当水中ρ(有效氯)在0~1.0mg/L范围内增加时,粪大肠菌群对AMP和CIP的耐药率都有所升高,而对TET的耐药率却呈下降趋势. 当使用1.0mg/L氯消毒之后,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET、CIP、CHL的耐药率分别为35.1%、5.6%、62.3%、0. 粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药性在氯消毒后会逐渐恢复. 氯消毒后48h,粪大肠菌群对AMP、TET和CIP的耐药率均高于消毒前. 在较低的紫外辐照剂量 (约16mJ/cm2以下)范围内,随着紫外辐照剂量的升高,粪大肠菌群对多种抗生素的耐药率均有降低,而较高的紫外辐照剂量则可能导致粪大肠菌群耐药率升高.      

紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统中病毒微生物的分布特征

为研究紫外氯胺组合消毒对供水系统中病毒微生物的影响特性,以生产规模紫外氯胺组合消毒供水系统为研究对象,应用宏基因组技术对供水系统中病毒微生物的迁移变化、群落结构和病毒宿主进行了分析.结果表明,紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺能降低病毒物种数（6.13%）和基因丰度（51.97%）,但不能完全去除水中病毒微生物.对比美国环保署（USEPA）以培养法检测的水处理病毒去除率可达99%~99.99%,本研究利用宏基因组技术测得的总病毒去除率只有93.46%,以培养法检测水中病毒存在局限性.Caudovirales（有尾噬菌体目）是整个供水系统中最丰富病毒,对氯胺消毒都具有一定敏感性.Lentivirus（慢病毒属）作为能够感染人和脊椎动物的病毒,对紫外照射和氯胺消毒都具有强抵抗力.该供水系统中最大的病毒宿主是细菌（61.50%）.原水中病毒主要寄生在Synechococcus（聚球藻属）中;出厂水以及管网水中,优势病毒宿主均为Pseudomonas（假单胞菌属）;进入管网后,Pseudomonas aeruginosa（铜绿假单胞菌）宿主病毒基因丰度升高342.62%,应加强关注管网系统病毒微生物风险.紫外氯胺组合消毒工艺比单紫外消毒更有利于病毒宿主的去除（51.97%与0.79%）.     

银川紫外辐射特征及TUV模式适用性研究

利用2013—2019年银川紫外观测数据,分析了银川紫外辐射变化特征,基于TUV模式,结合云光学厚度、云顶高度、气溶胶光学厚度、单次散射反照比、波长指数、臭氧柱浓度和NO₂柱浓度等遥感资料,研究了TUV模式在银川紫外辐射模拟中的适用性.结果表明,银川多年年平均紫外辐照度为8.7 W·m^-2,7月最高为17.7 W·m^-2,1月最低为3.1 W·m^-2,13：00前后达到日最大值;不同参数输入方案下TUV对银川紫外辐照度随时间变化趋势的把握能力均较好,但平均值和标准差都普遍存在高估现象,2—5月TUV模拟效果最差,1月和6—10月模拟效果较好,11和12月模拟效果最好;模拟层数的增加不能有效提高模拟精度,改善TUV模拟效果;TUV模式模拟误差随着云光学厚度、相对湿度的减小及臭氧柱浓度、云顶高度的增加而增大;TUV对日照时数小于10 h时的紫外辐照度的模拟效果较日照时数大于10 h时好;PM₁₀浓度为0~50 μg·m^-3时TUV模拟均方根误差最小.     

Photodegradation of chromophoric dissolved organic matters in the water of Lake Dianchi,China

Water samples were taken from Lake Dianchi, on the Yungui Plateau of southwest China, and experiments were conducted to simulate the photochemical degradation characteristic of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the lake water. Three groups of experiments under different light conditions: ultraviolet (UV) light, visible light, and dark, were done and variations of fluorescence properties, UV absorbance, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations during the experiments were analyzed to study the photodegradation process of CDOM with time. The result showed that light irradiation led to significant photochemical degradation of CDOM, resulting in changes in florescent properties, absorbance losses, decreases in aromaticity and average molecular weight, as well as decline in DOC concentration in the water. It was also observed that UV irradiation had greater effect than visible light did. However, various fluorophores had different sensitivities to the same irradiation condition, that is, protein-like fluorophore at the low excitation wavelengths is more sensitive to UV irradiation than the other fluorophores, and is more readily to undergo photo-degradation. In addition, visible light irradiation did not have significant impact on DOC in the water, with DOC concentration decrease by 5.57% –59.9% during the experiment time. These results may provide new knowledge on the environment behavior of CDOM in the water of Lake Dianchi.     

紫外光降解黑索金(RDX)的研究

本课题对模拟废水中RDX在紫外光和氧化剂等作用下的光化学降解情况进行了研究.运用正交设计法来安排实验,获得了废水的酸碱度、过氧化氢与亚铁离子的投加量、紫外光照射的时间等RDX降解的最佳条件.自行设计了光化学降解装置.在最佳条件下对RDX模拟废水进行光化学处理,并利用721分光光度计以及TOC-500测试仪对实验结果进行鉴定,取得了较为满意的结果.     

微波紫外协同降解染料活性艳红X-3B研究

将微波激发的无极紫外灯应用于染料废水的处理研究,考察了反应过程中染料废水脱色率、TOC去除率、溶液pH以及反应前后染料废水高效液相色谱图的变化情况。染料活性艳红X-3B经无极紫外光处理110min后,脱色率达96％,TOC去除率达66％,降解效果明显好于单独使用微波或普通紫外灯的降解效果总和,溶液pH先降低后缓慢升高。     

长波紫外线对M13mp2噬菌体的致突变作用

以野生型大肠菌CSH50及mutM缺陷的大肠菌MF67为宿主,检测了长波紫外线（UVA）对M13mp2噬菌体单链DNAlacZα基因区域的致突变能力。结果显示,UVA照射可引起噬菌体lacZα基因区域的突变,在mutM缺陷的宿主中,UVA照射的致突变作用更明显。进一步研究了抗氧化剂甘露醇对UVA照射致突变作用的影响,结果显示,0.1mol/L的甘露醇可以部分拮抗UVA的致突变作用。说明UVA照射具有致突变作用,这种作用可能与DNA的氧化损伤有关