交通仿真与GIS在尾气扩散模拟中的应用研究

以机动车尾气扩散模型为核心,采用集成微观交通仿真平台PARAMICS和地理信息系统建立城市道路交通环境模拟系统(UTESS)的方法,将交通仿真技术与GIS技术应用到机动车尾气污染扩散模拟中。以广州市为例,给出了该系统的验证过程与应用实例。文章通过模拟道路下风侧接受点逐时的CO与NOX浓度进行验证,模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差分别为25.1%和15.6%;应用实例采用UTESS模拟路网上空10m高度的CO浓度分布,模拟结果较好的反映了不同路段交通流对CO浓度空间分布的影响。     

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

应用车载测试系统研究轻型机动车在实际道路上的排放特征

采用一套车载排放测试系统,对深圳市7辆具有代表性的轻型车辆进了实际道路排放测试.根据测试结果,分析了机动车运行工况对排放的影响,比较了基于油耗和行驶里程的排放因子,并计算了各测试车辆的平均排放因子.结果表明,深圳市轻型机动车加速和减速运行模式共占整个运行时间的66.7%和行驶里程的80.3%,对各种污染物的贡献率达74.6%～79.2%.并且加速模式下的排放水平明显高于其他运行模式;基于油耗的排放因子受车速的影响较小,可以避免因机动车运行工况不同所带来的排放差异,从宏观尺度更为合理地预测机动车污染物排放量;车辆技术水平对排放影响很大,化油器车的C0、HC和NOx排放因子分别是欧Ⅲ车的19.9～20.5、5.6～26.1和1.8～2.0倍;我国在进行轻型车排放测试时使用ECE EUDC工况,不能反映我国城市实际道路行驶工况下的机动车排放水平.     

Commuter exposure to BTEX in public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand

Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs.     

城市生活垃圾收运路线优化的数学模型与算法

给出了城市生活垃圾收运路线优化问题的一般描述,考虑时间窗、车容量等约束,以收运路线总行程最短为目标。建立了该优化问题的数学模型。设计了求解谊问题的单一组合邻域搜索算法。随机邻域搜索算法和变邻域搜索算法三种类型的邻域搜索算法。通过对多组算例的求解实验,结果表明变邻域搜索算法的优化效果明显优于其余类型的邻域搜索算法。     

基于特征基元的航空遥感海域使用信息提取技术研究

近年来,随着沿海经济的发展,海域使用状况日新月异,传统的人工监测已经不能满足海域使用变化的需求.如何快速、实时了解我国沿海海域使用现状,为政府管理部门提供管理、决策依据,是一个亟待解决的问题.航空遥感因其快速、灵活、宏观等特点被应用到海域使用动态监视监测中来.本文在充分了解归纳国内外高分辨率遥感信息提取技术的基础上,研究了适合航空遥感数据信息提取技术和方法,并将其应用到海域使用动态监视监测中.     

机动车车载尾气检测技术研究综述

车载尾气检测技术的出现和发展为机动车尾气的相关研究提供了一种较为准确、便捷、实时反映城市路网排放的测试方法。本文详细介绍了车载尾气检测技术的发展历程和原理,综述了该技术在行驶周期开发、尾气排放特性和规律研究、建立机动车尾气排放数据库和建立城市路网排放清单等领域的应用现状,并通过比较该技术在国内、外的应用差距,提出了在绿色交通领域充分利用该技术进行机动车污染评价与控制的合理建议。     

On-road pollutant emission and fuel consumption characteristics of buses in Beijing

On-road emission and fuel consumption (FC) levels for Euro III and IV buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS). The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro III diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power (VSP). They all were the lowest when VSP < 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.     

降雨对城市道路交通行驶速度的影响分析

天气状况是影响城市道路交通行驶效率的重要因素。本研究的目的是结合浮动车GPS数据和气象站降雨量检测数据,分析降雨对城市道路交通行驶速度的影响。应用t检验比较了广州市降雨天和非降雨天的城市路段交通行驶速度的差异性,分别用Spearman相关系数和Pearson相关系数描述了降雨量和速度变化的关系。结果表明:降雨天和非降雨天的交通行驶速度的差异比较显著;持续性降雨造成交通行驶速度的较大波动,同时造成部分路段交通行驶速度的下降,快速路和主干道的速度下降比较明显;降雨量和速度变化量之间的相关性不明显。     

基于三维路面谱仿真履带车辆振动系统的动态模拟

通过谐波叠加原理,在现有的二维路面谱的基础上,从空间路面频率谱出发,将之拓展到三维空间内的路面谱,并给出模拟随机路面谱的方法.通过对该路面谱模型进行谱分析,对其功率谱密度进行了验证.建立了某履带车辆单自由度悬挂质量振动系统的力学模型,以三维路面谱模型作为虚拟激励输入,实现了对单自由度履带车辆振动系统的动态模拟.