江苏省城市化战略调整研究

改革开放以来，江苏省城市化水平迅速提高，一直处于全国城市化发展的前列，对全国城市化水平的提高发挥了积极的示范作用。近些年来，江苏省城市化发展在空间格局及动力机制等方面出现了一些新的特征，表现为：大中城市成为城市化人口的主要集聚区，城市化的区域差异不断缩小，城市化发展动力也日趋多元化。同时，江苏省城市化仍然面临着区域差异显著、集聚效应不强、公共服务能力不高、资源环境压力较大等不可回避的问题。随着中国经济增长模式的转型，江苏省城市化战略将会发生适应性的调整。指出以城市土地空间扩张及城市数量增加为主的城市化道路已经基本不适应江苏省新时期新战略的要求，进而提出了今后一段时间全省城市化战略重点的调整方向，即质量提升战略、统筹协调战略及空间优化战略     

城镇化对太湖平原河网的影响——以太湖流域武澄锡虞区为例

为探讨近年来城镇化快速发展等对太湖流域腹部地区平原河网水系的影响，选取城镇化快速发展且城镇化程度很高的武澄锡虞区为例开展了研究。以1960年代、1980年代和2003年水系为基础，依据河道宽度对水系分级，并从河流地貌学角度定量分析了河网密度、水面率、河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度、分维数等结构特征及长时间序列的水位变化。结果表明：研究区水系要素基本上都在减小；不同等级的河流长度和河湖面积除一级河流面积增加外，均呈减少趋势。河网密度、水面率、分维数均变小，河网复杂度、河网结构稳定度下降，河网演化趋于主干化、单一化，河湖连通性下降。城镇化前后变化显著，且1980年代以来变化加快。同时城镇化背景下的水系衰减对河网蓄泄功能也产生了较大影响，使得年平均水位和汛期水位呈现上升趋势，导致洪灾风险增大。故在城镇化过程中应遵循河网演变规律，促进水系的保护     

Analyses of Urban Drainage Network Structure and its Impact on Hydrologic Response1

Meierdiercks, Katherine L., James A. Smith, Mary Lynn Baeck, and Andrew J. Miller, 2010. Analyses of Urban Drainage Network Structure and Its Impact on Hydrologic Response. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1-12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00465.x Abstract: Urban flood studies have linked the severity of flooding to the percent imperviousness or land use classifications of a watershed, but relatively little attention has been given to the impact of urban drainage networks on hydrologic response. The drainage network, which can include storm pipes, surface channels, street gutters, and stormwater management ponds, is examined in the Dead Run watershed (14.3 km²). Comprehensive digital representations of the urban drainage network in Dead Run were developed and provide a key observational resource for analyses of urban drainage networks and their impact on hydrologic response. Analyses in this study focus on three headwater subbasins with drainage areas ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 km² and that exhibit striking contrasts in their patterns and history of development. It is shown that the drainage networks of the three subbasins, like natural river networks, exhibit characteristic structures and that these features play critical roles in determining urban hydrologic response. Hydrologic modeling analyses utilize the Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), which provides a flexible platform for examining the impacts of drainage network structure on hydrologic response. Results of SWMM modeling analyses suggest that drainage density and presence of stormwater ponds impact peak discharge more significantly in the Dead Run subbasins than the percent impervious or land use type of the subbasins.     

我国城市化与碳排放的实证研究

根据1995～2008年我国30个省市的面板数据，采用STIRPAT模型分析城市化对碳排放的影响。结果显示：我国城市化的推进导致碳排放量的增加，碳排放增加速度高于城市化本身的增加速度，城市化进程会继续放大碳排放量的增加；城市化水平的二次项系数为正，意味着还不存在环境的库兹涅茨曲线。同时，为了考察中国地区间发展的异质性，根据城市化水平由高到低分成4组区域，针对不同地区，进行实证分析。发现地区的城市化水平基数越低，城市化进程对碳排放的影响也就越大；地区的城市化推进速度越快，城市化进程对碳排放的影响也就越大；而且，产业结构和能源强度也是碳排放的重要决定因素。鉴于此，提出了若干政策建议     

Comparison of Macroinvertebrate‐Derived Stream Quality Metrics Between Snag and Riffle Habitats1

Abstract: We compared benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at snag and riffle habitats in 43 Wisconsin streams across a range of watershed urbanization using a variety of stream quality metrics. Discriminant analysis indicated that dominant taxa at riffles and snags differed; Hydropsychid caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Cheumatopsyche spp.) and elmid beetles (Optioservus spp. and Stenemlis spp.) typified riffles, whereas isopods (Asellus intermedius) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) predominated in snags. Analysis of covariance indicated that samples from snag and riffle habitats differed significantly in their response to the urbanization gradient for the Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), Shannon’s diversity index, and percent of filterers, shredders, and pollution intolerant Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) at each stream site (p ≤ 0.10). These differences suggest that although macroinvertebrate assemblages present in either habitat type are sensitive to detecting the effects of urbanization, metrics derived from different habitats should not be intermixed when assessing stream quality through biomonitoring. This can be a limitation to resource managers who wish to compare water quality among streams where the same habitat type is not available at all stream locations, or where a specific habitat type (i.e., a riffle) is required to determine a metric value (i.e., BI). To account for differences in stream quality at sites lacking riffle habitat, snag‐derived metric values can be adjusted based on those obtained from riffles that have been exposed to the same level of urbanization. Comparison of nonlinear regression equations that related stream quality metric values from the two habitat types to percent watershed urbanization indicated that snag habitats had on average 30.2 fewer percent EPT individuals, a lower diversity index value than riffles, and a BI value of 0.29 greater than riffles.     

RELATION OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY IMPAIRMENT TO CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS IN NEW JERSEY STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: The level of macroinvertebrate community impairment was statistically related to selected basin and water-quality characteristics in New Jersey streams. More than 700 ambient biomonitoring stations were chosen to evaluate potential and known anthropogenic effects. Macroinvertebrate communities were assessed with a modified rapid-bioassessment approach using three impairment ratings (nonimpaired, moderately impaired, and severely impaired). Maximum-likelihood multiple logistic-regression analysis was used to develop equations defining the probability of community impairment above predetermined impairment levels. Seven of the original 140 explanatory variables were highly related to the level of community impairment. Explanatory variables found to be most useful for predicting severe macroinvertebrate community impairment were the amount of urban land and total flow of municipal effluent. Area underlain by the Reading Prong physiographic region and amount of forested land were inversely related to severe impairment. Nonparametric analysis of variance on rank-transformed bioassessment scores was used to evaluate differences in level of impairment among physiographic regions and major drainage areas simultaneously. Rejection of the null hypothesis indicated that the levels of impairment among all six physiographic regions and five major drainage areas were not equal. Physiographic regions located in the less urbanized northwest portion of New Jersey were not significantly different from each other and had the lowest occurrence of severely impaired macroinvertebrate communities. Physiographic regions containing urban centers had a higher probability of exhibiting a severely impaired macroinvertebrate community. Analysis of major drainage areas indicates that levels of impairment in the Atlantic Coastal Rivers drainage area differed significantly from those in the Lower Delaware River drainage area.     

Stream Temperature Surges Under Urbanization and Climate Change: Data,Models, and Responses1

ABSTRACT: Multiple anthropogenic stressors, including increased watershed imperviousness, destruction of the riparian vegetation, increased siltation, and changes in climate, will impact streams over the coming century. These stressors will alter water temperature, thus influencing ecological processes and stream biota. Quantitative tools are needed to predict the magnitude and direction of altered thermal regimes. Here, empirical relationships were derived to complement a simple model of in‐stream temperature [developed by Caissie et al. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25 (1998) 250; Journal of Hydrology 251 (2001) 14], including seasonal temperature shifts linked to land use, and temperature surges linked to localized rainstorms; surges in temperature averaged about 3.5°C and dissipated over about 3 h. These temperature surges occurred frequently at the most urbanized sites (up to 10% of summer days) and could briefly increase maximum temperature by >7°C. The combination of empirical relationships and model show that headwater streams may be more pervasively impacted by urbanization than by climate change, although the two stressors reinforce each other. A profound community shift, from common cold and coolwater species to some of the many warmwater species currently present in smaller numbers, may be expected, as shown by a count of days on which temperature exceeds the “good growth” range for coldwater species.     

自然资源禀赋与城市化水平关系的多尺度考察

通过对单体区域在时间序列上的分析和对多个区域面板数据集综合水平的横向比较，本文在多个尺度上验证了自然资源禀赋在区域城市化过程的“资源诅咒”假说，并且通过在省际层面上建立经济计量模型进行理论检验，也得出“资源诅咒”效应在一定程度上的确存在的结论。文章还分析了城市化过程中自然资源产生限制作用的作用机理。认为这种效应是多种要素综合作用的结果，并提出了相应的政策建议。这项研究在理论上丰富了城市化动力机制和“资源诅咒”假说的研究，在实践上也具有一定的现实意义。     

城市化进程中郑州市区人居环境质量变化研究

随着城市化的快速发展,城市人居环境问题越来越受到人们的普遍关注。在广泛听取专家意见的基础上选取人居环境质量评价指标,建立了城市人居环境质量评价指标体系。该指标体系分5个方面,包括社会经济发展程度、环境优美程度、资源承载程度、生活便利程度和公共设施建设程度。通过对评价指标量化分级,利用层次分析法确定权重后,对郑州市区最近5年的人居环境质量进行了评价,运用灰色系统GM(1,1)模型对郑州市区的人居环境质量进行了预测。结果表明,郑州市的人居环境整体不高,但是在城市化进程中郑州市的人居环境一直呈正向发展。     

乌鲁木齐城市化进程与大气污染关系研究

以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,选取乌鲁木齐市2004—2013年11项城市化指标以及3项大气污染指标,得出城市化水平综合指数以及大气污染水平综合指数。将城市化综合水平作为解释变量,SO2、NO2、PM10污染综合指数、大气污染综合指数分别作为被解释变量,分析城市化水平与大气污染状况,分别对其进行二次曲线回归分析以及三次曲线回归分析,得出乌鲁木齐市2004—2013年城市化进程与大气污染之间的演化规律。