四川盆地近地面风场及污染物输送通道统计分析

利用2017年四川盆地18个城市PM_2.5小时浓度数据、欧洲气象中心ERA-Interim再分析资料对四川盆地污染特征及不同季节近地面风场特征进行统计分析.通过分异指数和相关性分析各城市PM_2.5逐小时浓度，结合近地面风场特征分析出四川盆地污染物变化趋势最相似的城市组合，探索污染物传输特征.研究发现，分异指数和相关性分析得到的传输通道城市组合与地面风场基本相符.四川盆地污染物输送途径可能包括以下3条路径，第1条"川西通道"：污染物随气流沿广元→绵阳东南部→德阳→成都、眉山北部→雅安流动；第2条"川中通道"：污染物随气流沿巴中→南充北部→遂宁北部、绵阳东南部→资阳北部→眉山东部→乐山北部流动；第3条"川东通道"：污染物随气流沿重庆北部→达州、广安→南充南部→遂宁中部→资阳东部→内江、自贡→宜宾、泸州流动.川西通道城市污染排放量大，容易引起连片污染，对应城市群应实施联防联控；川东通道末端在川南城市群和重庆形成风场辐合，造成污染物的滞留和累积，因此，建议在中长期产业布局中减少川南城市群的重污染企业.     

中国风电的时空分布特征和发展趋势

利用1990-2005年中国和英国风电发展数据,对两国风电的时空分布特征和发展趋势进行了比较分析。据英国风电发展的阶段性,把中国风电发展划分为试验性发展、规模发展、过渡发展3个阶段,并预测到2007年步入大规模发展阶段。因此,未来几年,中国风电场数目和规模将会快速增长,并且由集中走向高密度集中分布。据对影响风电场省级时空分布的自然、市场和政策共8个选择因子的主成分分析和系统聚类分析结果,将中国风电场按省级划分为3个区域和8个亚区域,对聚类结果进行逐步判别回判,结果表明准确率达92.6%。     

一个研究街道峡谷流场及浓度场特征的三维数值模式

目前，研究街道峡谷内流场及机动车排放污染物的扩散行为特征所采用的主要方法为：采用野外测试法和物理模拟法，而采用三维数值模拟方法研究此问题的工作很少。本文创建了一个研究微尺度街道峡谷内流场及机动车排放污染物扩散特征的三维数值模式，即首次采用伪不定常方法，利用K——E闭合方案，建立了一个模拟城市街道峡谷内流场及污染物扩散特征与街道峡谷风场、街道几何结构及两侧建筑物高度对称性之间的复杂关系的三维数值模式。经过与实际监测资料及风洞实验对比，结果表明此三维模式具有较好的模拟精度，能够很好模拟峡谷内的风场及街谷几何结构对街道峡谷内流场及浓度场特征的影响，有很强的实用性。     

The Relation Between Sandstorms and Strong Winds in Xinjiang,China

With observational data spanning 1961–1999 from 90 meteorological stations in Xinjiang, China, the spatial and temporal characteristics of sandstorms and strong winds, and the contribution of strong winds to the occurrence of sandstormsare analyzed. Moreover, the dominant wind direction and minimumwind speeds during sandstorm periods are discussed. The research shows that although possessing similar climatic trends, sandstorms and strong winds in Xinjiang have opposite geographical distributions, i.e. places with more sandstorms show fewer strong winds. The contribution of strongwinds to sandstorms in northern Xinjiang is larger than that insouthern Xinjiang. The dominant wind directions clearly indicatethe paths of the weather systems that introduced the sandstorms.The minimum wind speeds in the sandstorms were over 10 ms^-1in northern and eastern Xinjiang and in the Turpan and Yanqi Basins of southern Xinjiang. In Tarim Basin of southern Xinjiang,however, the minimum wind speed was about 6–8 ms^-1, and even 6 ms^-1 at its southern edge.     

巷道及边坡工程中的膨胀岩灾害与防治

分析了膨胀岩的胀缩机理及影响因素,总结了近几年的理论研究成果。着重论述了巷道和边坡工程中的膨胀 岩所造成的灾害形式,通过分析诱发灾害的机理,有针对性地提出了一些防治措施。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of Nitrogen Losses from Dairy Farms

International attention has focused on agricultural production systems as non-point sources of pollution affecting the quality of streams, estuaries and ground water resources. The objective of the current study was to develop a model of nitrogen management on the dairy farm, and to perform sensitivity analyses in order to determine the relative importance of manipulating herd nutrition, manure management and crop selection in reducing nitrogen (N) losses from the farm. The importance of the method of N input to the farm (purchased feed, legume fixation, inorganic fertilizer, imported manure) was investigated, and the potential to reduce N losses from dairy farms was evaluated. Nitrogen balance equations were derived, and related efficiency coefficients were set to reference values representing common management practices. Total farm N efficiency (animal product N per N input), and N losses per product N were determined for different situations by solving the set of simultaneous equations. Improvements in animal diet and management that increase the conversion of feed N to animal product by 50% would increase total farm N efficiency by 48% and reduce N losses per product by 36 to 40%. In contrast, reducing losses from manure collection, storage and application to improve the percentage of manure N that becomes available in soil by 100% would only improve total farm N efficiency by 13% and reduce total N losses by 14%. Selecting crops and management that can use soil nutrients 50% more efficiently would improve total farm efficiency by up to 59% and reduce N losses by up to 41% depending on the predominant nitrogen sources to the farm. Legume production would reduce N losses per product compared with non-legumes. There was more than a five fold difference in N losses per animal product N between the most extreme scenarios suggesting considerable opportunity to reduce N losses from dairy farms.     

QUALITY OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA IN COLD REGIONS1

ABSTRACT: Many users of hydrometeorological records are not aware of the number of inconsistencies and biases that occur in hydrometeorological records. Examples are presented illustrating how the exposures of sites for measurement of precipitation, wind, snow on the ground, and evaporation determine to a large extent how useful the records are for estimating areal conditions. For areas where precipitation in the form of snow produces a significant portion of the runoff, a smaller number of quality records may be more valuable for modeling than a much larger number of records of lower quality. Information is presented to show that the overall value of an operational hydrometeorological network is dependent upon how consistent and representative of average conditions the collected records are, especially for mountainous areas in cold regions.     

建筑物火灾危险性评估的一种工程方法

提出了建筑物火灾危险性评估的一种工程方法。该方法基于建筑火灾的区域模拟理论和人员疏散的最新研究成果，分别计算出火灾中达到危险状态的时间和整个疏散过程所需的时间，通过对比这两个时间，来确定火灾危险性的大小。这种方法概念清晰，简单易行，能在一定程度上对实际建筑物的火灾危险性进行评估，也可用于对火灾的安全工程设计评价和安全咨询。     

台风湍流积分尺度与脉动风速谱——基于实测数据的分析

基于4个台风过程中的长时间序列风速、风方向观测数据，分析研究了近地台风的湍流积分尺度和脉动风速谱等脉动特性。介绍了湍流积分尺度的几种常见的计算方法，基于实测台风数据，分析研究了台风过程中湍流积分尺度的变化以及不同计算方法的稳定性。根据实测数据计算了纵向脉动风速谱，并与Von-Karman谱、Davenport谱、Simiu谱和Harris谱等经验谱进行了比较，给出了最适合描述台风纵向脉动风速谱的经验谱。还计算了横向脉动风速功率谱，并与基于各向同性湍流理论推导出的水平横向脉动风速谱进行了对比。     

瑞利波探测公路施工隧道地质灾害的可行性分析

瑞利波探测是一种原位测试的工程地震探测技术,其频散曲线的变化与地下地质条件存在联系,通过频散曲线的特征识别,可得到探测方向上一定范围内的地质构造情况;瑞利波在介质中的传播速度与介质的工程物理特性有关,据此可对探测范围内岩土的物理力学性质做出评价.本文针对公路隧道施工过程中普遍存在的地质问题,结合瑞利波的探测原理,论述了瑞利波探测公路隧道施工地质灾害的可行性.