DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSING THE FATE OF NITRATE IN WETLANDS1

ABSTRACT: Dissolved gas analysis permits direct detection of ground water denitrification, a technique we used in this study to assess the fate of nitrate in a riparian wetland. Dissolved argon (Ar) and dinitrogen (N₂) were measured in transects of nested piezometers installed at different depths within upwelling regions of a riparian wetland. The method uses the Ar content in the water as a natural inert tracer for assessing background content of N₂ from the previous air/water equilibrium. Within the wetland under study, anoxic to suboxic ground water became more oxic in piezometers close to the aquifer layer, indicating upwelling of oxic ground water. Assessment of loss of nitrate and Ar in ground water within an upwelling zone indicated that shallow piezometers had significant N₂ loss through degassing. Most of the measured nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃^?‐N) loss of 205 μM in a piezometer nest could be accounted for by total N₂‐N produced (169 μM N), calculated from changes in dissolved N₂ and estimated N₂ degassed. Degassing due to methane (CH₄) production was also detected in some shallow piezometers within nests. This technique for analysis of dissolved gases in ground water can be applied to detect small changes in N gas concentration and aids in assessing the fate of nitrate along a ground water flow path.     

注气条件对CO2置换驱替CH4影响的实验研究*

为研究不同注气压力与注气温度对CO2置换驱替煤层CH4的影响规律,利用Materials Studio分子动力学模拟软件,通过煤体在2元组分混合气体间的竞争吸附量、竞争吸附热及能量分布等变化规律,从微观研究煤吸附CH4与CO2之间的机理,并利用物理实验平台,选用3种高变质程度煤进行注CO2置换驱替CH4实验。结果表明:同一种变质程度煤,随着注气压力或注气温度的增大,置换率呈增长趋势、驱替比呈下降趋势、CO2突破时间变短;相同注气压力与注气温度时煤的变质程度越高,置换效率越大、驱替比越小、CO2突破时间越长。并且注气压力对于CO2置换驱替CH4的效果要优于注气温度。     

四川盆地东部气田天然气泄漏现状研究

天然气在采、输、销过程中因设备质量、压力变化等因素造成泄漏,利用680HVM气体分析仪对四川盆地东部气田进行天然气泄漏检测,研究集输系统的天然气泄漏现状,了解泄漏经济损失,掌握泄漏安全隐患,为生产运行、安全管理、环境保护提供技术支持。     

Biological elimination of H2S and NH3 from wastegases by biofilter packed with immobilized heterotrophic bacteria

Biotreatment of various ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures was studied using the biofilters, packed with co-immobilized cells (Arthrobacter oxydans CH8 for NH₃ and Pseudomonas putida CH11 for H₂S). Extensive tests to determine removal characteristics, removal efficiency, removal kinetics, and pressure drops of the biofilters were performed. To estimate the largest allowable inlet concentration, a prediction model was also employed. Greater than 95% and 90% removal efficiencies were observed for NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, irrespective of the ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures. The results showed that H₂S removal of the biofilter was significantly affected by high inlet concentrations of H₂S and NH₃. As high H₂S concentration was an inhibitory substrate for the growth of heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the activity of H₂S oxidation was thus inhibited. In the case of high NH₃ concentration, the poor H₂S removal efficiency might be attributed to the acidification of the biofilter. The phenomenon was caused by acidic metabolite accumulation of NH₃. Through kinetic analysis, the presence of NH₃ did not hinder the NH₃ removal, but a high H₂S concentration would result in low removal efficiency. Conversely, H₂S of adequate concentrations would favor the removal of incoming NH₃. The results also indicated that maximum inlet concentrations (model-estimated) agreed well with the experimental values for space velocities of 50–150 h⁻¹. Hence, the results would be used as the guideline for the design and operation of biofilters.     

加速垃圾卫生填埋场稳定方法的研究

以河北省某市家庭生活垃圾为样本进行实验，研究了甲烷浓度的变化、垃圾固含量与垃圾平均产气率的关系、填埋表面沉降与时间的关系等。结果表明，该市垃圾产生的渗滤液回灌能够使产气速率和填埋场沉降速率增大，特别是提早回灌时间、增加回灌次数，对加速稳定化进程起到较明显的作用。     

土壤理化特性对稻田CH4排放的影响

为了研究土壤理化特性对稻田CH4 排放的影响 ,室外盆栽试验于 2 0 0 0年水稻生长季在南京农业大学实施 ,1 8个供试水稻土分别取自江苏宜兴、江宁、六合、仪征及宝应等地 .所有供试土壤的季节性CH4 平均排放通量为 6 42± 2 70mg·(m2 ·h) - 1,最低和最高值分别为 1 96mg·(m2 ·h) - 1和 1 1 0 6mg·(m2 ·h) - 1,两者相差约 5 6倍 .单相关分析结果表明 :影响CH4 排放的主要土壤参数为质地、氮素状况及铜含量 .CH4 排放与土壤砂粒含量呈正相关 (r =0 5 2 8,p =0 0 2 4) ,与粘粒含量呈负相关 (r =-0 484,p =0 0 42 ) .氮素含量高的土壤CH4 排放较低 ,CH4 排放与土壤全氮、速效氮和铵态氮含量的线性相关系数分别为 -0 449(p =0 0 62 )、-0 61 1 (p =0 0 0 7)和 -0 649(p =0 0 0 4) .土壤铜含量直接影响CH4 的排放 ,CH4 排放与有效态铜和全铜含量的线性相关系数分别为 -0 5 94(p =0 0 0 9)和 -0 5 47(p =0 0 1 9) .本研究并未观测到CH4 排放与土壤有机碳含量有相关关系 ,这与前人报道的实验室培养测定结果及稻田CH4 排放随土壤有机质含量提高而增加的假设完全不同 .逐步回归分析表明 ,不同土壤间CH4 排放的变异性有 75 5 %可由土壤有效态铜含量、镁 (全量 )含量及有效铁含量与全量铁之     

华南丘陵区农林复合生态系统早稻田CH4和N2O排放通量的时间变异

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对典型华南农林复合生态系统早稻田CH4和N2O排放进行田间原位测定,探讨早稻田两种温室气体的排放规律。结果表明,有植株参与稻田在水稻生长季节中CH4排放昼夜变化表现为双峰模态,收割后为三峰模态,CH4排放昼夜变化幅度比无植株参与稻田大。在测定期内有植株参与稻田CH4昼夜平均排放通量大小依次为:成熟期(1.96±0.33)>孕穗期(0.13±0.01)>收割后(-0.01±0.02)(mg.m-2.h-1)。有植株参与稻田在孕穗期CH4昼夜平均排放通量显著高于无植株参与稻田(P<0.01)。在测定期内有、无植株参与稻田CH4平均排放通量分别为0.85±0.28、0.14±0.09 mg.m-2.h-1。有、无植株参与稻田N2O昼夜平均排放通量没有显著差异。在测定期内有、无植株参与稻田N2O平均排放通量分别为118.07±50.97、15.65±21.56μg.m-2.h-1。CH4和N2O的排放无论是昼夜变化还是季节变化都与温度没有明显相关关系,其排放受稻田水分和养分状况的影响。水稻作物对CH4排放影响较大,对N2O排放影响不明显。     

Trend and seasonal variations of atmospheric CH4 in Beijing

The atmospheric CH4 in Beijing is still increasing, even though its increasing rate has significantly decreased from 1.76 ％/a during 1985-1989 to 0.50 ％/a during 1990-1997. The seasonal variation of CH4 concentration showed a double-peak pattern, one peak appearing in winter and the other in summer. It is evident that the annually seasonal variations of atmospheric CH4 in Beijing are different. From 1986 to 1997, the atmospheric CH4 increased by 185 ppbv, 37％ and 21％ of which were due to the increase in winter and in summer, respectively. After 1993, the annually seasonal increasing rate of CH4 concentration in summer (due to emission from biogenic sources) is negative while the increasing rate in winter (due to emission from non-biogenic sources) is positive about 25 ppbv/a. As a result, the increase of CH4 emission from non-biogenic sources in winter is the major reason that caused theannually seasonal increasing rate from 1993 to 1997. The biogenic sources in Beijing are shrinking while the non-biogenic ones (such as fossil fuel combustion) are enlarging.     

Spectroscopic tools for remote sensing of greenhouse gases CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CF<Subscript>4</Subscript> and SF<Subscript>6</Subscript>

Highly symmetrical molecules such as CH₄, CF₄ or SF₆ are known to be atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gases. High-resolution spectroscopy in the infrared is particularly suitable for the monitoring of gas concentration and radiative transfers in the earth's atmosphere. This technique requires extensive theoretical studies for the modeling of the spectra of such molecules (positions, intensities and shapes of absorption lines). Here, we have developed powerful tools for the analysis and the simulation of absorption spectra of highly symmetrical molecules. These tools have been implemented in the spherical top data system (STDS) and highly-spherical top data system (HTDS) software available at http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/LPUB/shTDS.html. They include a compilation of modeled data obtained during the last 20 years. An overview of our latest results in this domain will be presented. Electronic Publication     

Trend and seasonal variations of atmospheric CH_4 in Beijing

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