Characterization of biological responses under different environmental conditions: A hierarchical modeling approach

A natural river system is organized as a nested hierarchy of interconnected habitats with specific environmental conditions to which the biological community has adapted. Due to this hierarchical structure, identifying the role of different stressors on the biological community is a formidable task. Efforts trying to link stressors to biological integrity have always been bound to the geographic scale of the selected study area, leading to scale-specific results. In this research, an attempt is made to lift this limitation and develop a hierarchical, scale-sensitive methodology that can identify the significant environmental stressors to the biological community at different scales. Sites with similar background environmental conditions are clustered using self-organizing maps (SOM). This is used to identify stressors which affect the biological community throughout the area of study - called environmental gradients or large-scale stressors. Subsequently, these clusters of similar observations (sampling sites) are progressively sub-divided using environmental variables with a significant but localized effect on the biological community - called small-scale stressors. A parent group of sites is split only when the resulting sub-groups have significantly different biological responses. At the end of this recursive sites decomposition procedure, the original set of observations is organized as a tree of environmentally homogeneous groups of observations characterized by unique biological responses to multiple stressors with different geographic extents. The developed hierarchical analysis methodology has been validated using a large-size dataset of environmental observations from the State of Ohio. Our results show that habitat degradation and increased nutrient loading are the large-scale stressors with a widespread impact in Ohio. Other stressors, such as heavy metals, pH or nitrate concentrations have significant albeit localized effects on biological integrity.     

论开展主要环境质量指标浓度考核

针对现行环境质量考核体系中存在问题,选取主要的环境质量考核指标,提出逐步推行浓度值考核设想,并对比分析该考核办法与现行比例考核办法的优劣。     

煤炭资源型城市环境效率及其环境生产率变动分析──基于山西省11个地级市面板数据

绿色环境效率反映经济发展与资源环境之间的平衡关系,合理评价资源型城市的环境效率对于促进经济高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。首先从异质性环境污染排放角度出发,选取了四种环境压力指标,采用非径向的Slacks Based Model（SBM）模型和Sequential Malmquist指数模型,对山西省2003—2016年11个地级市的环境效率和环境生产率的区域差异及其动态演进进行了深入分析,然后采用固定效应模型、差分广义矩估计模型和面板分位数回归模型分析了环境规制对山西环境生产率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）在维持现有技术水平不变的前提下,山西省整体的环境效率仍有25.31%的改进潜力;中部地区的环境效率值高于北部与南部地区,但是三大区域的环境效率值都呈下降趋势。（2）山西省环境生产率平均每年提高14.63%,其中技术效率对环境生产率的增长表现为负效应,而技术进步是环境生产率提高的主要来源。（3）环境规制与环境生产率之间并不存在正向或者负向的线性关系,而是存在显著的“U”型关系;不同分位点上环境规制对环境生产率变动的影响表现出明显的异质性。     

新疆大型工业园总体规划环评指标体系的建立与验证

基于我国工业园指标体系研究现状,归纳、统一了2002—2021年学者提出的8类99个指标,在此基础上总结了规划环评指标体系建立面临的困难。以X工业园为研究案例,结合理论分析,确定其制约因素是水资源数量和环境空气质量,并将制约因素纳入指标集。针对干旱区和大型工业园两个特点,建立了新疆大型工业园总体规划环评指标体系,并对其中4项需要严格要求的特色指标进行了说明。     

北京市紫外线指数的观测研究

1999年5月—2001年10月在北京观象台对紫外线指数(UVI)进行了长期观测,结果表明:UVI季节差异明显,春、夏、秋、冬季的最大值分别为7 85,9 87,4 92,2 99;正午时的平均值分别为3 52,5 31,2 17,1 24。在UVI高峰时段(10:00—15:00),秋、冬季的UVI基本在0～2范围,对人体危害不大;而0～2,3～4,5～6,大于7的各级UVI的平均累积日照时间春季分别为159,87,47,2min,夏季分别为75,99,93,29min,春、夏季紫外线辐射对人体危害较大。另外,UVI的累积分布显示,春、秋、冬季的UVI多数集中在各季节平均值以下,而夏季正午前后的UVI多分布在其季节平均值以上。      

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价

基于国外近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法,结合国内海洋环境质量评价的研究现状,由生物、水质、沉积物指标和栖息地变化情况构成青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,并选取合适的评价模型,同时通过研究海域主要污染物的分布情况对评价结果进行反向验证。结果表明,青岛近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价等级为一般,受人为扰动的影响较大;该方法能够较好地反映主要的人为环境压力和风险因子,同时对潜在的污染因子有一定的预警作用。     

长三角城市经济生态化评价

随着可持续发展战略的实施,特别是党的十六届三中全会上科学、协调发展观的提出以及国内生态城市建设高潮的掀起,生态经济成为当前研究的热点问题之一.长江三角洲是我国经济发展与城市化水平最高的地区,被誉为世界第六大城市群,其发展状况已引起世人广泛关注.在此讨论了经济生态化的内涵,认为经济生态化水平应从经济发达程度、经济结构、生产效率、发展潜力、循环程度等几个角度来衡量,并构建了经济生态化评价指标体系;以长江三角洲地区具有代表性的八城市2004年的相关数据为操作对象,运用主成分分析法,对其经济生态化水平进行综合评价,结果表明:长三角八城市的经济生态化水平排序依次为上海、南京、苏州、无锡、宁波、杭州、常州、扬州.最后,分析了造成这种排序的原因.     

MaphInfo技术在环境保护中的应用

在传统环境信息系统中,环境数据仅能以枯燥单调的文字形式出现,随着地理信息系统(GIS)的飞速发展,特别是推出基于PC的MapInfo地理信息系统之后,为地理信息系统与环境信息之间充分地结合起来提供了重要的工具,以下介绍了MapInfo地理信息系统对环境信息系统提供的主要技术.     

改进层次分析法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

将层次分析法进行了必要的改进 ,并应用于土壤重金属污染的评价 .评价结果表明 :改进层次分析法比模糊综合评判法以及一般层次分析法更为合理 .