新乡冬季PM2.5中金属元素与水溶性离子年际变化及其来源解析

为了探究新乡地区年际间冬季PM_(2.5)组分的变化特征和污染来源,于2015年冬季和2016年冬季分别在新乡市区进行连续1个月的膜采样,测定PM_(2.5)质量浓度、金属元素含量及其水溶性离子成分含量,并结合气象因素进行分析.结果表明,新乡地区2015年和2016年冬季采样期间PM_(2.5)的质量浓度日均值分别为226μg·m~(-3)和224μg·m~(-3),污染水平较高.观测期间,新乡冬季PM_(2.5)中Cd和Pb金属元素富集明显,富集因子超过1000.且与2015年相比,2016年金属元素(除Ag和Ni)浓度下降约7. 83%～73. 33%,富集程度均趋于降低.水溶性离子以SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+这3种为主,2016年在PM_(2.5)中占比上升25. 1%.综合两种成分分析,新乡地区的PM_(2.5)污染呈现出金属污染向二次水溶性离子污染转移的趋势.综合PCA和PMF源解析结果显示,新乡市冬季有4种主要排放源,即尘土、二次源、工业源和化石燃料燃烧源,2015年冬季主要来源是土壤和建筑扬尘混合源,贡献率37. 46%,2016年主要来源是交通及工业生产中的二次气溶胶污染源,贡献率为34. 94%.     

城市危机管理系统鲁棒性评价研究——以上海市危机管理系统为例

为提高城市危机管理系统的鲁棒性,探究影响系统鲁棒性的主要因素,建立城市危机管理系统的鲁棒性评价体系。采用因子分析中的主成分分析法,分析评价上海市2004—2009年危机管理系统鲁棒性评价指标的数据,并根据数据分析结果找出影响城市危机管理系统鲁棒性的主成分和因子。结果表明,上海危机管理系统的鲁棒性呈现日趋增强的趋势,企业亏损程度、犯罪率、离婚率、对外界公共卫生事件的防御程度、自然灾害因素对上海危机管理系统的影响较大。提高企业盈利能力、降低犯罪率和离婚率、提高公共卫生防御能力、完善自然灾害预防措施有助于增强城市危机管理系统的鲁棒性。     

基于主成分分析和水质标识指数的天津地区主要河流水质评价

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)对天津地区蓟运河、潮白新河、永定新河、金钟河、北塘排污河、黑猪河、海河、大沽排污河、独流减河、青静黄排水渠、子牙新河和北排水河12条主要河流的水质进行监测,并对监测数据进行主成分分析,构建水质评价指标体系,采用水质标识指数进行水质评价。结果表明,主成分分析与水质标识指数相结合的评价方法客观可靠。从时间分布来看,枯水期水质最差,58.3%的河流为劣Ⅴ类水质,部分河流已经黑臭,8月水质较好。从综合水质标识指数来看,海河以南河流污染较为严重。该地区河流NH3-N污染最为严重,其次是BOD5、CODMn和TP,属于有机型及富营养化污染。     

河流底泥DOM、营养盐与重金属空间分异特征及响应关系

为探究河流底泥中的溶解性有机物(DOM)和营养盐对重金属迁移转化的影响,以沈阳市新穆河、南小河和老背河为研究对象,利用三维荧光光谱,结合平行因子(PARAFAC)、主成分分析(PCA)和结构方程模型(SEM)研究了底泥中的DOM、营养盐与重金属的空间分异特征及DOM与营养盐对重金属的响应关系.结果表明,3条河流底泥中的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)呈重度污染状态.南小河底泥中的ω(Zn)、ω(As)、ω(Cu)、ω(Ni)和ω(Cd)分别是辽宁省土壤背景值的2.48、 1.02、 3.45、 3.00和39.05倍,老背河的ω(Zn)、ω(Cu)和ω(Cd)分别是背景值的2.56、 1.92和8.00倍,新穆河的ω(Zn)和ω(Cu)分别是背景值的1.40和1.10倍,总体上3条河流均存在重金属累积现象,累积严重程度为：南小河>老背河>新穆河,其中南小河和老背河Cd污染严重.应用PARAFAC共解析出5类DOM组分,分别为类色氨酸、酚类络合物、微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类胡敏酸,其中类富里酸和类胡敏酸丰度较高;基于PCA分析,新穆河底泥污染的主控因子为TN、 TP、类富里酸和类...     

Occurrence, compositional patterns, and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The present study analyzed surface soil collected from agricultural region of Shanghai to determine the occurrence, compositional patterns and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The results showed that 32 PBDEs were detected among 44 target PBDEs. Total PBDE concentrations ranged from 129 to 1245 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 429 ng kg⁻¹. BDE209 was the predominant congener in a range of 33.2-796 ng kg⁻¹ with a mean of 254 ng kg⁻¹. Meanwhile, BDE47, BDE49, BDE153, BDE190, and BDE99 have the most abundant with high concentrations and detectable frequencies. PBDE congeners and homologues analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) also revealed that the major source of PBDE in the soil samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE). The correlation analysis proved that there was a significant correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) and lower brominated PBDEs, indicating the significant diffuse nature of the sources of these congeners.     

武汉月湖水体主要元素与浮游植物的PCA与CCA分析

通过2007年1—12月对武汉月湖不同的取样点进行监测,并选择汉江琴台段水域作为研究对照,调查了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体主要元素的种类,采用PCA、CCA分析法探讨了月湖水体硅藻、蓝藻与水体元素种类的关系。结果表明:月湖水体中所含元素全年监测出28种;汉江琴台段水域中所含元素全年监测出27种。经PCA分析表明,月湖水体中累计贡献率较大为磷(P)、砷(As)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn);汉江琴台段水域累计贡献率较大为硅(Si)、锑(Sb)、镉(Cd)、钒(V)、钡(Ba)、Ag(银)、钼(Mo)。月湖水体中蓝藻密度大于硅藻,汉江琴台段水域硅藻密度大于蓝藻。经CCA分析表明,月湖硅藻密度与硒(Se)、锶(Sr)、银(Ag)、Ba、铝(Al)呈正相关关系;月湖蓝藻密度与P、Cu、铬(Cr)呈正相关关系,月湖蓝藻密度与镁(Mg)、镍(Ni)、钙(Ca)、锌(Zn)、硫(S)呈负相关关系。CCA分析中,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与铅(Pb)、硼(B)、As、Cr、Zn、Al、Cu、Mn、Fe、P呈负相关关系,汉江琴台段硅藻密度与Mo、Ca、钴(Co)、V、Sr、Ag呈正相关关系;汉江琴台段蓝藻密度与钠(Na)、S、Mg、Ni、钾(K)呈负相关关系。月湖水体缺乏可溶硅(dissolved silicon,DSi),硅藻会提升对其他元素(Se、Sr、Ag、Ba、Al)的吸收能力,这些元素会起到缺乏元素(Si)近似的作用,替代性可能出现。水中各种元素的组态是导致月湖浮游植物群落发生演变的重要原因之一。     

Contamination and source assessment of metals,polychlorinated biphenyls,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils from Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

Urban areas in developing countries are facing vast environmental problems as a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Of major concern is the contamination of soils which are increasingly becoming sinks for environmental pollutants. However, to date only little is known about the pollution in the megalopolises of developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination and potential sources of metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. The investigation revealed the presence of most of the analyzed pollutants in soil and sediment samples with total concentrations (dry wt) of PAHs ranging from 186 to 3150?µg?kg^?1, PCBs from 0.4 to 19?µg?kg^?1, Cu from 14 to 173?mg?kg^?1, Zn from 36 to 440?mg?kg^?1, Pb from 9 to 700?mg?kg^?1, and Ni from 16 to 72?mg?kg^?1. In addition, polyaromatic sulfur heterocycles, typical for oil and petrol residues, were detected in several soil samples. Source identification approaches revealed that Pb, Zn, and Cu are most likely derived from pyrolytic sources, with elevated values in samples related to waste combustion and traffic emissions. Ni is most probably of geogenic origin. For PCBs it is indicated that they are derived from a single source. However, correlations with technical PCB mixtures were inconsistent. PAHs originate from the combustion of biomass, vehicular exhausts, and petrogenic sources.     

Source identification of particulate matter and associated intake of elements through inhalation in an industrial area of Odisha,India

Particulate matter concentrations were measured in an industrial region in the Ganjam district of Odisha. The average levels of suspended particulate matter (SPM) were measured to be 142 ± 8 and PM₁₀ of particulate matter with a size of less than 10 micrometers (PM₁₀) to be 50 ± 15 μg m^?3. Out of the 14 elements determined, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, and K contributed more than 95% of the total weight. In enrichment factors, the trace elements, i.e., Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg were observed to be highly enriched in the SPM and PM₁₀. Factor analysis indicates that more than 75% of the variance was due to five component factors, which have eigenvalues greater than 1. Intake of elements through inhalation route to adults has been estimated.     

Some approaches to the construction of a sustainable development index for the Philippines

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a convenient tool used in aggregating the indicators of sustainable development and providing indices where different weights are assigned to the various indicators. There are, however, problems in interpreting of indices, especially if time series data are used. This study explores the feasibility of applying recent developments in PCA of time series using Philippine data. We present the comparative advantages of SPCA (Sparse Principal Component Analysis) relative to averaging of an adequacy/inadequacy index and PCA in index construction from various indicators of sustainable development in the Philippines in terms of usefulness and validity of indices being developed. SPCA can attain sparse and non-overlapping loadings without losing a large amount of explained variance compared to PCA. Because of the non-overlapping contribution of variables in SPCA components, indices can have clear and mutually exclusive meanings, facilitating interpretation. Even with a more complicated algorithm, reduced dimensions and simpler interpretation of indices justify the advantages of SPCA over PCA in index construction. The indices are interpreted in terms of the milestone of sustainability in the Philippines. The resulting indices provide an adequate summary of the sustainable indicators and evidence of the importance of leadership and political will in sustainable development.