Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.     

郑州市大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征、来源及健康风险评估:基于高分辨数据

为了研究城市大气PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征和来源,于2017年的7月和10月及2018年的1月和4月,利用在线金属分析仪对郑州市大气PM_2.5中的21种元素进行在线检测,分析了重金属浓度变化;通过富集因子、主成分分析和潜在源贡献等方法对重金属进行溯源;采用环境健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险.结果表明,K、 Zn、 Mn、 Pb、 Cu、 As、 Cr和Se的浓度随污染等级的提高而增加;富集因子和主成分分析法结果表明,重金属主要来源为地壳源、混合燃烧源、工业源和机动车源;雷达特征图表明,地壳源主导的污染主要发生在春、冬两季,混合燃烧源主导的污染主要发生在冬季;Pb、 As和Ni受汾渭平原、京津冀和河南南部的传输影响较大,Cd受采样点西北部影响较大;As对成年人和儿童均有显著致癌风险,Pb和Sb对儿童存在显著非致癌风险.     

厦门市填海造地的遥感PCA识别及其驱动机制研究

基于遥感主成分分析(PCA),论文提出一种快速、准确及经济地识别填海造地时空分布的新方法。并以厦门市港湾地区为例,将1993与1996年,1996与1998年,1998与2001年,2001与2003年、2003与2006年共6期遥感影像融合后经PCA分析得出5个时间段内填海造地的空间分布信息,并结合相应阶段的城市发展战略进行分析。选取工业总产值、人口、港口货物吞吐量等统计数据作为填海造地行为的社会经济驱动因子进行回归分析,得出政策导向、工业的快速发展以及人口的增加等是厦门港湾地区填海造地的主要驱动因素。最后提出基于驱动机制和未来情景分析的港湾地区填海造地优化调控的政策建议。     

Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

Changes in soil microbial community structure associated with two types of genetically engineered plants analyzing by PLFA

With the rapid expansion of GEPs(genetically engineered plants), people are more and more concerned about the ecological risks brought by their release. Assessing the effect of GEPs on soil microbial ecology is indispensable to study their ecological risks. In our study, the phospholipids fatty acid(PLFA) method was used to analyze the microbial community of soil samples collected from fields with two types of GEPs-Bt transgenic com and PVY( potato virus Y) cell protein gene transgenic potato. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed all controls were on the right of related GEPs samples along the PC1 (the first principal component) axis, which means a decrease of fungi in soils with genetically engineered crop since most of PLFAs that are strongly positively correlated with PC1 represent fungi. For samples collected from Bt transgenic cornfield, the ratios of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria were less than those of controls. For samples of transgenic potato field, these ratios were lower than those of controls when soils were collected from deep layer(20-40 cm), but were higher when soils collected from surface layer(0-20 cm). For soils collected from 0-20 cm, the ratios of fungi to bacteria for all GEPs samples were at the same level. So were such rations for all controls. Changes of soil microbial community in two types of GEPs fields were detected in our study, but the causes and more information still needs further study.     

一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

Comparative Metal Distribution in Hair of Pakistani and Libyan Population and Source Identification by Multivariate Analysis

Using nitric acid-perchloric acid wet digestion based FAAS method ten selected metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in the scalp hair of male Pakistani and Libyan donors (n = 62), between 3–54 years age and residing in typical urban areas. The study was taken up to identify sources of metal distribution in two diverse population segments exposed to different environments. Sodium emerged with the highest mean hair concentration of 511.0 μg/g and 496.9 μg/g for Libyan and Pakistani donors respectively, followed by K, at 266.2 μg/g and 242.4 μg/g for the two donor categories. Cadmium showed the lowest mean hair concentration for both Pakistani (0.380 μg/g) and Libyan (0.530 μg/g) donors. Levels of Na, K, Pb, Cr and Cd were higher in hair of Libyan donors compared with Pakistani counterparts which showed higher comparative levels of Zn, Fe, Co, Ni and Mn. Strong metal-to-metal correlations were found between Na–K (r = 0.638) and Cd–Co (r = 0.574) for Pakistani donors, while for Libyan donors, Na–K (r = 0.680) and Fe–Mn (r = 0.624) correlations emerged as strongly significant. Only K was found to have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.611) with age for Pakistani donors while this correlation was significantly negative (r = −0.500) for Libyan donors, probably arising from individual food habits. Other metals showed no viable relationship with age. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) of the data evidenced food, industrial emissions and automobile emissions as possible sources of metal distribution. The results of the present study are compared with those reported for subjects from other regions of the world.     

康集生态农场土壤肥力改善的研究

本文采用对比研究的方法，分别对康集生态农场种植园、附近农用地和对照废窑地的主要土壤肥力指标进行了测定分析。结果表明，康集生态农场土壤肥力已从开发前的五级提高到与当地一般农用地相一致的三级水平。其中有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量明显提高，盐渍化程度有所下降，但仍有改善的潜力。     

不同水位期汉丰湖和高阳湖上覆水时空分异特征

为研究三峡库区不同水位条件下澎溪河流域永久性回水区高阳湖与城市内湖汉丰湖的水环境差异,确定影响湖库水环境变化的水质指标,于2018年11月~2019年10月,对两湖库上覆水进行逐月样品采集.以水质监测数据为基础,参照三峡水库调度的时间周期,将采样时间划分为蓄水期,消落期和泄水期3个时段,运用多元统计方法,分析了2个湖库的水环境时空分异特征.单因子水质评价结果显示,湖库水质等级具有时空分异性,浮游植物大量生长发育的3,4,5月及雨量充足的7,8月,2个湖大部分处于劣Ⅳ~劣Ⅴ类,而一年中其他时段主要达到地表水Ⅲ类标准.判别分析表明,透明度,溶氧,电导率,pH值,水温,水深（depth）,总有机碳,总氮和氨氮均为两湖库水环境时空显著性差异的指示因子,泄水期,2个湖库水环境差异不大,但蓄水期和消落期,2个湖水环境具有明显的差异性.主成分分析显示,不同水位条件下,引起湖库水环境变化的主导因子不同,消落期水环境主要影响因子为TN,NH₃-N,水深和pH值;泄水期主要是TN,TP和EC;蓄水期主要影响因子为水深,TOC,TN,TP和NH₃-N.水体污染程度来看,汉丰湖：蓄水期 > 消落期 > 泄水期;空间表现为：HF3 < HF1 < HF2 < HF4 < HF5 < HF8 < HF7 < HF6.高阳湖：泄水期 > 消落期 > 蓄水期;空间表现为GY2 < GY3 < GY1 < GY5 < GY6 < GY4.     

喀斯特流域水化学特征及水-岩作用分析——以后寨河流域为例

本文选取后寨流域作为研究对象,基于对水体中主要离子的主成分分析和离子比值分析,研究丰枯期水化学特征及水-岩作用程度。研究表明,水体中各离子的主成分荷载值和站点得分能够辨识流域内主要水化学成分及水-岩(T_2g~2、T_2g~3)作用特征,丰水期主成分反映碳酸盐岩可溶性和水动力条件组合的影响,枯水期主成分反映蒸发岩和水动力条件组合的影响。水流作用强的石灰岩地区,管道发育,水流变化迅速,水体中离子浓度低。随着白云岩含量增加或水流作用减弱,水体中离子含量增大。枯水期从上游至中下游水流作用减弱,蒸发作用增强。