武水河水质时空分布特征及污染成因的解析

运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对2013—2015年武水河流域7个监测断面的11个水质指标数据进行分析,揭示武水河水质时空分布差异性,辨识主要污染因子,解析污染成因.2013—2015年,流域水质整体较好,尚存在不达标断面.长河水库和黄岑水库出现NH_3-N超标现象,岑水桥和芙安河老桥断面出现重金属As超标现象,但NH_3-N和As浓度趋于降低.武水河流域监测断面水质由高到低的顺序为:水库断面支流断面干流断面.2013年,流域主要污染因子为NH_3-N、TN和As,主要源自农业面源污染和工业污染;2014年,流域主要污染因子为COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TP,主要源于生活污水和工业污染;2015年,流域主要污染因子为BOD_5、粪大肠杆菌、pH,主要来源生活污水和畜禽养殖.因此,流域内工业污染和农业面源污染对水质的影响逐年降低,生活污水和畜禽养殖对水质的影响逐年增大.流域内通过建设污水处理厂,实施重金属综合治理等项目,减少污染物排放,改善流域水环境质量.     

基于PCA-BP神经网络的多股铜导线 熔痕定量金相识别方法研究

为实现火灾现场中多股铜导线熔痕的自动识别,采用主成分分析(PCA)和反向传播(BP)神经网络算法对四种多股铜导线熔痕(一次短路熔痕、二次短路熔痕、过负荷熔痕和火烧熔痕)的金相组织进行了识别研究。利用Image-Pro Plus 6.0和Axio-Imaging软件获取每种熔痕30组17维金相组织参数数据,采用PCA对四种熔痕共120组数据降维,获得前6个主成分得分矩阵,建立具有6个输入层节点,10个隐层节点和4个输出节点的神经网络模式识别模型。随机抽取每种熔痕的20组样品的主成分得分矩阵作为训练集,将每种熔痕的剩余10组主成分得分为测试数据,输入最终训练完成的模型进行识别,其识别准确率达到92.5%。实验结果表明采用PCA+BP神经网络的算法,可以较好地实现多股铜导线熔痕识别,为火灾物证鉴定工作提供了有力的工具。     

Multidimensional modeling of aerosol monitoring data

The present study deals with the application of N-way factor analysis for modeling and interpretation of a three-dimensional environmental data set acquired from monitoring of particulate matter (PM) collected at four different sampling locations in Lower Austria region (Central Europe). In the study the Tucker3 algorithm for N-way modeling was used. It was statistically validated that the Tucker3 model offered having the dimensionality [222] is appropriate for correct interpretation of the relationships between chemical parameters, sampling locations and sampling period. The Tucker3 model allowed to distinguish three major sources of pollution in the region of interest conditionally named “soil dust”, “combustion” and “street dust” latent factors as responsible for chemical profile of PM and to identify seasonal variability. Additionally, some specificity of the sampling locations was also pointed out.     

南京北郊大气VOCs变化特征及来源解析

利用2011-03-01~2012-02-29南京北郊大气VOCs观测资料,对大气VOCs浓度变化特征和特征物比值差异展开研究,并应用PCA/APCS受体模型对不同季节VOCs来源进行了解析.结果表明,南京大气总VOCs体积混合比为43.52×10-9,其中烷烃占45.1%、烯烃占25.3%、炔烃占7.3%和芳香烃占22.3%.总VOCs体积混合比呈现夏季高,冬季低的季节变化.VOCs组分中烷烃在冬季最高,烯烃夏季最高,芳香烃春季最高,炔烃冬季最高.特征物比值(VOCs/乙炔)和T/B比值反映出观测点受周边工业区影响较大.VOCs源解析表明,主要来源来自工厂生产、机动车排放、燃料燃烧、生产活动挥发、溶剂使用和自然源.虽然有季节变化,但与工业生产活动相关的来源占大气VOCs 45%~63%,其次为机动车来源占34%~50%.     

Methods development and use of macroinvertebrates as indicators of ecological conditions for streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region

The Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment (MAHA) included the sampling of macroinvertebrates from 424 wadeable stream sites to determine status and trends, biological conditions, and water quality in first through third order streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region (MAHR) of the United States in 1993–1995. We identified reference and impaired sites using water chemistry and habitat criteria and evaluated a set of candidate macroinvertebrate metrics using a stepwise process. This process examined several metric characteristics, including ability of metrics to discriminate reference and impaired sites, relative scope of impairment, correlations with chemical and habitat indicators of stream disturbance, redundancy with other metrics, and within-year variability. Metrics that performed well were compared with metrics currently being used by three states in the region: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Some of the metrics used by these states did not perform well when evaluated using regional data, while other metrics used by all three states in some form, specifically number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, performed well overall. Reasons for discrepancies between state and regional evaluations of metrics are explored. We also provide a set of metrics that, when used in combination, may provide a useful assessment of stream conditions in the MAHR.     

上海崇明农业土壤中共平面多氯联苯的初步研究

采用同位素稀释质谱法,用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(HRGC-HRMS)对上海崇明农业土壤中12个共平面多氯联苯(co-PCBs)的含量进行了测定,并且对可能的来源进行了初步探讨。31个农业土壤中co-PCBs浓度范围为24.86~814.50 pg/g,平均值为92.65 pg/g,毒性当量浓度(I-TEQ)为0.032~0.486 pg/g,平均值为0.142 pg/g。经过比较,其浓度远远低于国内外污染土壤水平,和一般的农业土壤水平比较接近,认为该地区基本未受co-PCBs的污染。其中个别位点的毒性当量浓度较高,认为有必要对该地区可能的来源进行分析。主成分分析结果表明,崇明土壤co-PCBs可能来自市售Arcolor和各种燃烧,包括室内煤炭、木料燃烧以及固体或医疗废物燃烧的影响。作为生态岛屿建设的崇明,需要特别关注防止土壤中的co-PCBs进一步升高降低生态系统良性循环的完整性。     

南四湖流域种植业面源污染氮磷源解析研究

利用田间径流池采集南四湖流域种植业农田地表径流样品,分析其不同形态的氮磷数据,汇总数据得到南四湖流域种植业的氮磷源成分谱;并在南四湖区11条主要入湖河流入湖口处采集水样,测定氮磷含量,利用主成分分析法对南四湖流域种植业面源污染氮磷来源进行了源解析.结果表明,南四湖流域氮磷种植业面源污染来源有3种,3个主成分累积方差贡献率为95.275%.第一类污染途径为降雨淋溶小麦-玉米轮作农田产生的地表径流对河流产生的污染,这种污染的范围广且贡献率较大为50.220%;第二类污染途径为降雨淋溶大蒜-玉米轮作农田产生的地表径流流入南四湖入湖河流引起的,影响面也较广,贡献率为25.119%;第三类污染途径为自然降雨时,小麦-水稻轮作农田产生的地表径流对河流的污染,贡献率为19.937%.     

大气环境分类的SVM联合决策方法

目的实现城市大气环境的精准快速归类预测。方法基于支持向量机(SVM)构建多分类问题的联合决策算法,将大量城市环境因素数据的主成分聚类结果作为输入,通过机器学习训练,组建大气环境的SVM联合决策模型。结果该模型根据大气环境因素将数据集91个城市划分为9类,其中河内与海防环境相似度最高,巴东与格尔木差异最大。9个SVM二分类器组建的联合决策模型通过逐点预测在主成分数据空间形成了分区预测云图。结论SVM联合决策模型可实现城市环境的快速分类辨识,分类预测结果精度高于95%。     

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

白塔堡河不同粒级有机物的三维荧光特征解析

利用三维荧光扫描(3DEEM)和体积积分法(FRI),分析了辽河流域白塔堡河在春汛期水中溶解性有机物(DOM)、小粒径有机物(0.22~0.7μm)和大粒径有机物(>0.7μm)的分布。结果显示:白塔堡河中有机物以芳香类蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物为主,腐植酸类物质含量极少;5类组分在不同粒径有机物中分布相似,在0.22μm以下的DOM中分布最多;溯源分析显示,DOM来源较单一,表现出较强的内源生物降解特性,而颗粒状有机物则表现出内源和陆源的双重特性;多元统计分析显示,白塔堡河点位有机物分布基本上呈现区域性分布特征。