草地退化对三江源区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响及其原因

为了揭示草地退化对三江源地区高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的影响,利用涡度相关技术,于2006年12月1日~2007年11月30日对三江源地区的退化高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量及生物和环境因子进行观测.结果发现:草地退化对高寒草甸生态系统的碳通量产生了深刻影响,与未退化的高寒草甸生态系统相比,退化高寒草甸生态系统全年总初级生产力(GPP)下降了36.6%,全年生态系统呼吸(Reco)下降了7.9%,全年净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)也由退化前的负值(碳吸收)转变为正值(碳排放),二者相差132.5gC/(m2·a),生态系统由原来的碳汇转变为目前的碳源.这些变化与高寒草甸退化后,生态系统植物地上生物量锐减、植物生长期缩短(NEE<0的天数)、植物多样性下降、土壤含水量降低等因素密切相关.     

基于RS和GIS的西藏察雅县土壤侵蚀动态监测与分析

西藏土壤侵蚀类型多样,且以水力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀为主,其动态监测属于难点问题。研究基于水力侵蚀和冻融侵蚀各自的基本特点,综合运用TM影像、土地利用图、地形图(DEM)和植被覆盖度图,构建了基于RS和GIS的藏东横断山区土壤侵蚀分类分级动态监测方法,并借助ENVI和ArcGIS软件,分析了察雅县1995年到2000年的土壤侵蚀动态变化情况。结果表明:察雅县土壤侵蚀以微度、轻度和中度侵蚀为主,其中冻融侵蚀主要分布在西部的高山峡谷区,所占比重为2.06%;在人类的土地开发活动和温度、降水变化等自然因素的综合作用下,察雅县土壤侵蚀加剧,东部大面积的轻度侵蚀区转化为中度侵蚀区。     

Metabolisms of injustice: municipal solid-waste management and environmental equity in Barcelona's Metropolitan Region

Environmental justice studies that focus on the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) typically examine the unequal distribution of associated health and environmental risks in minority social groups and the political processes that generate these inequalities. With the aim to complement current views on the field, in this work, we explore whether there is an issue of environmental justice in municipal systems' grade of self-sufficiency in treating the MSW that they generate and in their effort to close their material cycles. The methodology used is based on the concept of urban metabolism and is applied to 12 coastal municipalities of Barcelona's Metropolitan Region in Spain. The metabolism of the MSW flows of each system is analysed to examine (i) the system's efficiency to close its MSW cycles, corresponding to an indicator of environmental sustainability, and (ii) the MSW export and import flows, as an indicator of social sustainability. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between socioeconomic status and the externalisation of MSW treatment-related hazards. The proposed indicator proves to be an excellent tool for the evaluation of both the environmental and social performance of a system considering MSW management.     

路域土壤重金属含量空间变异的影响因子

以纵向岭谷区景洪-思茅段公路沿线为研究区,通过公路不同地点样线布设,对不同土地类型、地形和公路距离下的98个样点进行了野外植被和环境因子调查及土壤采样,在土壤表层0～20cm重金属全量分析的基础上对影响其分布的环境因子做了相关分析,得出研究区路域土壤重金属污染的空间分异特征及其主要的影响因子.研究结果表明,公路沿线不同土地利用类型下土壤重金属元素的含量存在较大的差异,但不同类型下含量的变化趋势较为一致,草地重金属污染最为严重,而次生林,原始林重金属含量较低;土壤养分也受土地利用类型影响,但相关分析表明,除了pH值、总钾、总磷和重金属关系较为密切外,研究区其它土壤养分和重金属之间的含量相关不显著.重金属元素含量之间相关性显著,表明该段道路重金属污染具有同源性,即来自道路.距公路的距离对重金属含量影响较大,农田土壤重金属含量随距离公路增加逐渐降低,而自然土壤中,变化趋势呈波动趋势.进一步对自然土壤中重金属的影响因子做了分析,结果表明,地形影响重金属的含量垂直分异,而典范对应分析也显示研究区距离、地形、土地覆被和土壤特性共同作用于土壤污染的空间变异.影响程度为距离＞土地覆被＞地形＞土壤.     

Effects of the adaptations to climate changes on the income of herdsmen in Qinghai Province

This study aims to implement the empirical analysis of the effects of the adaptive measures on the income of herdsmen in the context of the climate change with the positive mathematical programming(PMP)model.The survey was first implemented in three counties in the Three Headwaters Region.Finally the measures and recommendations suitable for the economic development in the ecologically fragile areas were proposed.The main conclusions are as follows:priority can be given to the measures to prevent the damage from rats and the engineering measures for pasture maintenance in Zeku County,where the geological conditions and grass quality are inferior,while the fiscal subsidy can be prioritized in Tongde County where the grassland area is relatively less.These recommendations can not only provide good reference for the protection of grassland resources,but they also lay a foundation for the implementation of more suitable measures to help the herdsmen in the ecologically fragile areas to adapt to the climate change.     

冬奥会期间京津冀及周边区域空气质量时空特征、气象影响和减排效果评估

对比分析2015～2022年冬奥会期间(1月31日至2月20日)京津冀及周边区域44城市空气质量时空演变特征,量化同期气象、协同减排和跨区域传输对PM_2.5浓度及组分变化贡献,为不利气象条件下区域空气质量联防联控提供科学参考.结果表明,2022年44城市PM_2.5浓度为近8年农历同期最低(46μg·m^-3),优良天占比最高(83.3%),不存在重污染天.PM_2.5污染南重北轻,高值区主要集中在太行山沿线及燕山传输通道城市.2016年在春节中期未管控烟花爆竹燃放等源排放强度下,优良天占比93.5%,大气强扩散能力对空气质量改善至关重要.2022年静稳天气指数(SWI)同比增加2.1,大气扩散能力转差,44城市ρ(PM_2.5)均值和峰值同比下降14μg·m^-3和76μg·m^-3,北京减排对PM_2.5浓度降幅较未采取前增大96%,晋鲁豫地区在气象造成PM_2.5浓度上升的不利背景下,峰值下降87μg...     

黄山市珍稀濒危药用植物资源及保护策略

归纳<国家珍稀濒危保护植物名录>、<国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)>和<国家重点保护野生药材物种名录>,黄山市拥有珍稀濒危药用植物42种,通过对其种类、分布,药用部位、功能主治的介绍,以期为制定黄山市珍稀濒危药用植物的保护措施和合理开发利用提供参考.     

Assessment of transboundary environmental effects in the Pearl River Delta Region: Is there a role for strategic environmental assessment?

China's EIA Law does not require transboundary proposals to be assessed, despite recognition of this globally, for example in the Espoo Convention and Kiev Protocol, and in the European EIA and SEA Directives. In a transboundary context assessment within a state is unusual, as regulating these effects is primarily about the relationship between states. However where a state has more than one legal system such as in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region of southern China, transboundary effects should also be addressed. Yet despite the geographical connections between Guangdong Province in mainland China (where the EIA Law applies) and the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions (which have their own provisions, neither of which requires transboundary assessments), EIA and SEA are carried out separately. Coordinated or joint approaches to transboundary assessment are generally absent, with the legal autonomy of Hong Kong and Macau a major constraint. As a result institutional responses at the policy level have developed. The article considers global experiences with regulating transboundary EIA and SEA, and analyses potential application to land use, transport and air and water planning in the PRD Region. If applied, benefits may include prevention or mitigation of cumulative effects, broader public participation, and improvements to environmental governance. The PRD Region experience may encourage China to conduct and coordinate EIA and SEA processes with neighbouring states, which has been non-existent or extremely limited to date.     

京津冀地区“煤改电”对PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

为准确评估京津冀地区采暖期实施“煤改电”政策带来的健康效益,估算了京津冀地区各区县采暖期“煤改电”政策实施前后PM_2.5污染导致的过早死亡人数,并采用支付意愿法计算了相应的健康损失价值.结果表明,京津冀地区“煤改电”政策实施后带来了1 745人(95%CI:1 443～1 907)健康效益和23.78亿元(95%CI:14.50～30.63)经济效益.北京、天津及河北地区的健康效益分别为495人(95%CI:436～554)、 296人(95%CI:238～354)及954人(95%CI:693～1 076).经济效益分别为3.50亿元(95%CI:3.08～3.92)、 3.32亿元(95%CI:2.67～3.96)及16.96亿元(95%CI:8.75～22.75),分别占各地区GDP的0.01%、 0.02%及0.04%. COPD、 LC、 ALRI、 IHD、 STROKE减少的死亡人数分别为187人(95%CI:165～224)、 318人(95%CI:178～458)、 193人(95%CI:115～204)、 506人(95%CI:232～780)...     

京津冀地区城市臭氧污染趋势及原因探讨

采用Kolmogorov-Zurbenko（KZ）滤波分析了2013~2018年京津冀地区13个城市的臭氧最大日8h滑动平均（O₃-8h）序列,评估污染趋势并探讨原因.KZ滤波分离出的O₃-8h短期、季节和长期等3个分量分别占原始序列总方差的32.7%、63.9%和3.4%,各分量之间相互独立;以滤除了中短期过程影响的长期分量进行比较,京津冀地区远高于柏林、巴黎和伦敦等欧洲城市,与美国洛杉矶20世纪90年代初和最近4年状况相当,普遍低于上海和南京等长三角主要城市.但是,2013~2018年京津冀地区各城市臭氧污染加剧显著,长期分量升高速率达2.31~7.12 μg·（m³·a）^-1,均值为4.97 μg·（m³·a）^-1,快于长三角地区.拟合结果提示,臭氧浓度升高受气象条件影响不大（贡献比均值约为9.6%）,主要由大气污染排放变化造成（90.4%）,将该排放变化拆分为PM_2.5下降和臭氧前体物排放变化两项,其贡献比均值分别是27.3%和63.1%,其中北京-廊坊-天津城市带PM_2.5下降对臭氧升高贡献较大,分别为50.8%、32.5%和36.7%,衡水则达到48.6%.PM_2.5浓度降低已成为北京、衡水等地臭氧升高的最关键因素,这意味着需进一步减少前体物排放,以抵消PM_2.5降低导致臭氧增加的反作用.需要指出,该结果尚待实验和模型模拟验证.