How effective are River Basin Management Plans in reaching the nutrient load reduction targets?

Riverine nutrient loads are among the major causes of eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. This study applied the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in three catchments flowing to the Baltic Sea, namely Vantaanjoki (Finland), Fyrisån (Sweden), and Słupia (Poland), to simulate the effectiveness of nutrient control measures included in the EU’s Water Framework Directive River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs). Moreover, we identified similar, coastal, middle-sized catchments to which conclusions from this study could be applicable. The first modelling scenario based on extrapolation of the existing trends affected the modelled nutrient loads by less than 5%. In the second scenario, measures included in RBMPs showed variable effectiveness, ranging from negligible for Słupia to 28% total P load reduction in Vantaanjoki. Adding spatially targeted measures to RBMPs (third scenario) would considerably improve their effectiveness in all three catchments for both total N and P, suggesting a need to adopt targeting more widely in the Baltic Sea countries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01393-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物分布

根据第二次全国海洋污染基线凋查数据,确定黄海近岸底栖贝类体内典型有机污染物的含量、分布及其潜在的生态风险.结果表明,在35%以上的站点,物种体内石油烃含量超过国家海洋生物质量第一类标准(15 000 ng/g),大连湾附近海域贝类体内含量甚至高出第二类标准(50 000 ng/g).在威海、大连湾和胶州湾出现多环芳烃和酞酸酯少数相对高值站点(300 ng/g左右),而其它大多数站点贝类体内多环芳烃和酞酸酯的含量都较低.中、高环组分占优指示近岸海区的多环芳烃主要来源于热解过程;二丁基酞酸酯和2-乙基己基酞酸酯是酞酸酯的主要组分.在所有站点,底栖贝类体内PCBs的含量普遍很低(<10 ng/g).贝类体内DDTs含量超过第一类标准(10 ng/g)的站点大部分集中在南黄海沿岸,海州湾内一站点已超出第二类标准(100 ng/g),而组分以代谢产物DDD和DDE为主.在所有站点的贝类体内都有p,p'-DDT检出,尤其在北黄海的大连湾和蓬莱附近海区(比例高于50%),指示周边地区存在潜在的DDT输入源.据此,大连湾、威海、胶州湾沿岸贝类体内石油烃和多环芳烃含量较高,胶州湾、海州湾附近海域贝类体内DDTs含量较高,这些属于较高生态风险区,而大连湾、蓬莱近岸可能的DDT新输入对底栖环境构成一定威胁.     

Observations on the workshop as a means of improving communication between holders of traditional and scientific knowledge

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and the information and insights it offers to natural resource research and management have been given much attention in recent years. On the practical question of how TEK is accessed and used together with scientific knowledge, most work to date has examined documentation and methods of recording and disseminating information. Relatively little has been done regarding exchanges between scientific and traditional knowledge. This paper examines three workshop settings in which such exchanges were intended outcomes. The Barrow Symposium on Sea Ice, the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Program Synthesis/Information Workshops, and the Alaska Beluga Whale Committee illuminate certain features of the preparation, format, and context of workshops or series of workshops and their eventual outcomes and influence. The examples show the importance of long-term relationships among participants and thorough preparation before the actual workshop. Further research should look more systematically at the factors that influence the success of a given workshop and the various ways in which participants perceive success.     

Heavy metal distribution and speciation in the Northern Adriatic Sea

In the present study the concentrations of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc were analysed and the speciation of copper and zinc performed, with a summer and winter sampling, for two areas in the Northern Adriatic Sea and crossing at the farthest zones of the Po river-sea water interface. Results show that when salinity increases the concentrations of all investigated metals (with the exception of cobalt) present some degree of biogeochemical cycling. Copper is the element whose dissolved phase has the highest importance in metal transport across the salinity gradient. Results of speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of excess amounts (5-8 fold) of unbound ligands confers a buffering capacity for potential inputs of dissolved metals into the Northern Adriatic Sea. The speciation of both copper and zinc in the dissolved phase was dominated by organic complexation.     

西沙永兴岛大气降水化学特征及来源分析

于2013年对南海西沙永兴岛雨水进行采集,分析了其主要阴阳离子,利用PMF模型对不同离子组成的来源进行解析并运用TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹污染物来源区域的分析.结果表明,永兴岛降水离子浓度顺序为：Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺.Na⁺和Cl^-是降水中主要的阴阳离子,表现出海洋性降水的特征.SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、K⁺主要来源于海水,但SO₄^2-也受化石燃料燃烧等影响,而K⁺可能受生物质燃烧的影响.Ca²⁺主要来源于土壤,少数来源于其他影响.NO₃^-主要来源于化石燃料燃烧释放,而NH₄⁺有多种来源,包括内陆人为活动的排放和海洋本身有机物降解过程释放的影响.根据Redfield比,可以初步计算出降水中NO₃^-和NH₄⁺对南海新生产力的贡献约为4.8%~13.5%.后向气团轨迹表明,永兴岛降水的离子来源区域相对复杂,包括我国东北地区、南方区域,以及马来西亚等国家、地区的影响,或者来源于南海局地的影响.     

渤海海域夏季石油烃污染状况及其环境容量估算

根据调查分析了渤海海域石油烃污染状况,建立了渤海石油烃多介质动力学模型,估算了渤海海域石油烃污染物环境容量和剩余环境容量。结果表明,调查海域石油烃平均浓度为(25.7±13.6)mg／rn3,变化范围为4.4~64.8 mg,／m3,其中,莱州湾,渤海湾等近岸海域污染较严重。在一、二类国家海水水质标准下,渤海海域石油烃污染物环境容量(ECo)为29 169 t／a,在三类国家海水水质标准下ECo为177 306 t／a,在四类国家海水水质标准下ECo为298 446 t／a,各海域在一、二类国家海水水质标准下石油烃污染物环境容量分别为,渤海湾5 255 t／a,辽东湾8 869 t／a,莱州湾4 889 t／a,渤海中部10 156 t／a。     

Detection of transfluthrin and metofluthrin genotoxicity in the ST cross of the Drosophila Wing Spot Test

In this study, different concentrations of transfluthrin and metofluthrin have been assayed for genotoxicity by using the Wing Spot Test on Drosophila melanogaster. Standard cross was used in the experiment. Third-instar larvae that were trans-heterozygous for the two genetic markers mwh and flr³ were treated at different concentrations (0.0103 mg mL⁻¹, 0.103 mg mL⁻¹ for transfluthrin and 6 μg mL⁻¹, 60 μg mL⁻¹ for metofluthrin) of the test compounds. Feeding ended with pupation of the surviving larvae and the genetic changes induced in somatic cells of the wing’s imaginal discs lead to the formation of mutant clones on the wing blade. Results indicated that two experimental concentrations of transfluthrin and 60 μg mL⁻¹ metofluthrin showed mutagenic and recombinogenic effects in both the marker-heterozygous (MH) flies and the balancer-heterozygous (BH) flies.     

Trace elements and stable isotopes (delta13C and delta15N) in shallow and deep-water organisms from the East China Sea

Trace elements (22) and stable isotope ratios (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) were analyzed in marine organisms from shallow (SW) and deep-water (DW) of the East China Sea to understand biomagnification and prey source of trace elements. In the benthic marine organisms from DW, δ¹⁵N values were negatively correlated with Ba, Cu, Ag, Mo, Sr, As, and Co concentrations. This may be due to the specific accumulation in lower trophic animals and/or the biodilution through the food web in DW. Relationships between δ¹⁵N and concentrations of Co, Cr, Bi, and Tl in fish and Ag, Bi, V, Hg, and Tl in crustaceans showed positive correlations, suggesting that trophic position was affecting the concentrations of those elements in phyla, with higher trophic animals retaining higher concentrations than the lower trophic animals. Positive correlations between δ¹³C and Rb were observed in marine organisms. Therefore, Rb may be a possible substitute of δ¹³C as tracer of prey source in the East China Sea although further investigation is required.     

夏季东海生源硫的分布、通量及其对非海盐硫酸盐的贡献

对2012年6月东海表层海水中二甲基硫（DMS）、二甲巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）和二甲亚砜（DMSO）的浓度分布特征及其影响因素进行了研究,并估算了DMS的海-气通量及其对大气气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐（nss-SO₄^2-）的贡献率.结果表明,DMS、溶解态DMSP（DMSPd）、颗粒态DMSP（DMSPp）、溶解态DMSO（DMSOd）和颗粒态DMSO（DMSOp）的浓度平均值±标准偏差为（5.71±5.23）,（5.94±3.68）,（23.84±14.15）,（9.14±10.52）和（11.01±5.81）nmol/L.DMS、DMSP和DMSOp浓度均在28oN~29oN,122°E~123.5°E海域呈现高值中心,沿中心向外扩散降低,并且与叶绿素a（Chl-a）的分布趋势基本一致.除DMSOd外,3种二甲基硫化物与Chl-a表现出显著的相关性,表明浮游植物生物量是影响东海生源有机硫化物生产分布的关键因素.此外,夏季东海DMS海-气通量介于（0.93~101.02）μmol/（m²·d）,平均值±标准偏差为（18.13±21.42）μmol/（m²·d）.夏季东海生源硫释放对nss-SO₄^2-的贡献率仅为2.2%,表明人为排放是东海大气气溶胶中nss-SO₄^2-的主要来源.     

渤海海域生态系统服务功能价值评估

客观评估海洋生态系统服务功能价值。对于生态环境保护以及海洋综合管理具有重要意义。以海洋生态系统服务功能分类为基础．构建了食品生产、提供基因资源、氧气生产和气候调节、废弃物处理、生物控制、休闲娱乐、科研文化、初级生产、物种多样性维持等九项服务功能价值的评估方法。以渤海为研究区域．对上述九项生态系统服务功能价值进行了定量评价。结果表明。渤海海域九项生态系统服务功能的价值为81703亿元．相当于近期环渤海地区生产总值的1．73倍．其中直接使用价值为12873亿元,间接使用价值68830亿元．间接使用价值远大于直接使用价值;渤海海域生态系统服务价值,以支持功能价值为主,占生态系统服务功能总价值的74．68％。此外．认为海洋生态系统服务功能分类和价值评价方法有待进一步完善．渤海海域生态系统服务功能价值的评估值与实际有偏差。