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101.
Michael E. Loevinsohn 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):705-712
Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the
weakness of national regulatory agencies. This article reviews current international efforts aimed at supporting these institutions
and describes the contribution that an external “hazard auditor” might make in assessing the pesticide industry's adherence
to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation of this kind may prove attractive
to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest
groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. The article outlines one approach to operationalizing
the concept and examines initial responses to the proposal.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Commission on Occupational Health/International Development
Research Centre Symposium on the Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries, 17–21 September 1990, Ottawa,
Canada. 相似文献
102.
Michael I. Muiga George W. Reid 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(3):838-852
ABSTRACT: Mathematical modeling techniques are used to develop predictive equations for cost of water and waste water treatment processes in developing countries utilizing socioeconomic, environmental, and technological indicators. Predictive equations are developed for each of the three regions (Africa, Asia, and Latin America) for construction, operation, and maintenance costs of slow sand filter, rapid sand filter, stabilization lagoon, aerated lagoon, activated sludge, and trickling filter. Data analysis indicated that cost of water treatment processes is a function of technological indicator (percentage of imported materials), population, and the design capacity. The variables which gave the best correlation for waste water treatment cost were population, design flow, and the percentage of imported waste water disposal materials. 相似文献
103.
The resource curse 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Countries that possess rich mineral deposits, it is widely assumed, are fortunate. Such deposits are assets, part of a country's natural capital. Mining is the key that converts dormant mineral wealth into schools, homes, ports, and other forms of capital that directly contribute to economic development. Over the past two decades, however, a more negative view of mining has emerged that questions the positive relationship between mineral extraction and economic development. The impetus for the alternative view came from empirical studies suggesting that countries where mining is important have not grown as rapidly as other countries. More recent studies have explored the possible reasons behind the disappointing performance of many mineral producing countries. While the central point of contention between the conventional and alternative views — namely, whether or not mining usually promotes economic development — remains unresolved, there is widespread agreement that rich mineral deposits provide developing countries with opportunities, which in some instances have been used wisely to promote development, and in other instances have been misused, hurting development. The consensus on this issue is important, for it means that one uniform policy toward all mining in the developing world is not desirable, despite the recent suggestions by some to the contrary. The appropriate public policy question is not should we or should we not promote mining in the developing countries, but rather where should we encourage it and how can we ensure that it contributes as much as possible to economic development and poverty alleviation. 相似文献
104.
安全工程专业学历教育方案的中西对比研究 总被引:8,自引:12,他引:8
根据学科研究对象的异同 ,对中外不同名称的安全科学技术学科领域间对应关系的分析表明 ,我国的安全科学技术学科与美国、英国等西方国家称为公共健康的学科 ,我国的安全工程与西方国家的职业安全健康学科分别在宽泛和具体的意义上基本对应 ,相应的学历教育方案具有可比性。以此为据 ,运用案例比较研究了安全工程与职业安全健康学科专业学历教育方案中课程设置的多方面差别 ,分析了通过改善学历教育方案、加强职业安全培训途径来提高我国安全管理水平的努力方向。 相似文献
105.
赣中南柑橘果实生长发育规律与栽培技术关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过果实体积的累积生长量,日均生长速度和相对生长速率三个指标的测定。可得到各类果实生长的“S”形曲线。生长呈三个时期,第一期为细胞分裂期,这个时期,生长速度较慢,而相对生长速率最高,是是实生长能力最高阶段;第二期为细胞膨大期,生长速度最快时期,而相对生长速率则呈下降趋势;第三期为成熟期,日均生长速度和相对生长速率都是低速和稳定时期。主要内部生理变化,柑橘各类果 个指标各异,此外,果实生长过程中,有 相似文献
106.
Sources of Deforestation in Tropical Developing Countries 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Lise Tole 《Environmental management》1998,22(1):19-33
/ Key causes of tropical deforestation are investigated using cross-sectional data for 90 developing countries for the period 1981-1990. Regression results reveal that deforestation is associated with both development and scarcity. Deforestation accelerates with expanding infrastructure, trade, debt, investment in the human capital base, and resource-based economic expansion. On the other hand, absolute and relative scarcities-manifested by growing population pressures, food and land shortages, fuelwood dependency, and inequalities in access to land-are also key factors explaining forest loss. Thus, results point to a fundamental environmental conundrum: Development is required if countries are to alleviate scarcity-driven forms of forest exploitation but is itself a major cause of deforestation. Can countries balance development goals with forest protection? Setting aside the issue of its practical realization, the paper concludes that forest sustainable development cannot be achieved by implementing simple technical improvements in land-use practices alone. Securing the foundations for the sustainability of the forest base will require that countries address the underlying social processes driving tropical forest loss as well.KEY WORDS: Tropical deforestation; Developing countries; Rural land-use practices; Development; Scarcity. 相似文献
107.
Paul Polak Bob Nanes Deepak Adhikari 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(1):119-124
ABSTRACT: In areas where water is scarce, drip irrigation provides the most efficient way to conserve irrigation water, but its cost of £1000 an acre is prohibitive for most small farmers in developing countries. The cost was reduced by 90 percent by (1) making dripper lines moveable, so that each line reaches ten rows instead of one; (2) replacing 25-cent emitters with simple 0.70 mm holes punched by a heated needle; and (3) using £3.00 off-the-shelf 20 liter containers with cloth filters in place of expensive filter systems. This reduced the cost of a half-acre system to £50. The low cost system was field tested in the hill areas of Nepal, and in mulberry cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, India. Uniformity of flow from emitters was 73–84 percent. Small farmers reported that the low cost trickle irrigation system cut labor requirements in half, and doubled the area irrigated by the same amount of water. The low cost drip system is likely to be widely adopted by small farmers in semi-arid and hilly regions. 相似文献
108.
Ray Jay Davis George William Sherk Donald Phelps 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(4):583-588
ABSTRACT: Whomever would affect water policy development must influence the water legislative process. This paper discusses in the context of the Model State Water Allocation Code the following ten ideas about doing that: (1) seek the right timing for enactment; (2) set modest goals; (3) prepare a well-drafted proposal; (4) recognize diversity by offering legislative choices; (5) consider the impacts of adoption; (6) make alliances; (7) respect executive influence; (8) become involved in legislative interaction; (9) be flexible; and (10) persist. Heeding these ideas, although not guaranteeing enactment, is sure to be educational for participants and useful to legislators. 相似文献
109.
Within the context of a case study of three Asia/Pacific countries' mineral taxation regimes, this article examines the impact of individual fiscal instrucments, and the total fiscal package, on investor risk perceptions, investor returns and government receipts. It shows that under conditions of uncertainty and risk aversion on the part of investors, significant gains in expected government revenues can be achieved without seriously affecting the investors' ex-ante assessments of projects by a judicious selection and mix of fiscal instruments. 相似文献
110.
不同类型国家资源战略实施的启示及我国资源战略的选择 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
资源战略是经济发展战略的重要组成部分。不同的国家有着不同的资源战略。本文通过对不同类型国家资源战略实施成败的分析,从中总结了3点有益的启示:①世界经济发展中的相互依赖越来越强;②资源战略的选择要符合本国的实际;③经济结构要多样化。本文还对我国高耗、低效、封闭式的资源战略的形成作了深入的分析,并提出了我国资源战略选择的4个主要方面:①多样化是中国资源战略的出发点;②充分利用国内资源,积极利用国外资源是我国资源战略的核心;③保护资源与环境是我国资源战略的重要组成部分;④建立资源节约型国民经济体系,是我国资源战略的目标。 相似文献